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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


|45 

Hi 


1^    IM 

H:  1^  mil  2.0 


1.8 


1-25      i.4     |i.6 

■• 6"    

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


.-l^-.rJU-.-.-it)'- "    ''S^tJ'WAMS.M^..  -..■  .-M>.- 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  biblicgraphique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normals  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 

rr/l    Cover  title  missing/ 
jX,  I    Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


D 
D 
D 


D 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


D 
D 

D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  faqon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


n 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

22X 


10X 


14X 


18X 


26X 


SOX 


12X 


16X 


20X 


M 


28X 


32X 


f 


r'sw?4fe!a*te'?«*^' 


tails 

du 
odifier 

une 
mage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaira  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g4n6rosit6  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  I'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Las  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  seion  ie  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impretsion  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  das  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  A  des  taux  de  rMuction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  &  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iilustrent  la  m^thode. 


srrata 
to 


pelure, 
m  d 


n 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

'^ 


P    a 


Tv/l        /vuv- 


PEPPERRELL   PAPERS. 


WITH  SKETCHES  01 


,*; 


LIEUT.-GEN.  THE  HONOKABLE  JAMES  ST.  CLAIR 


1;^^ 


AND 


ADMIRAL  SIR  CHAELES  KNOWLES,  BART. 


Br    ALBPiRT    11.    IIOYT, 


I         %i 


Rbpbintbd,  with  Ubtisions  and  Additions,  from  the  Histouical  and  Oknhalo- 
aioAL  UaaiaTBB  fob  Ootobbb,  1874. 


BOSTON; 

1874. 

L 


1- 


-IN  i 


>T»MltW«i*iJa>toaefe^-*'"^'»<^' 


^v-  , 


•fc       'I" 'nii.mi/m '''^CTl'i>il»ia,-«»7  '=-— 


■iiiiiiiiiim.iiiaWiP^         ****■*'' 


34517 


David  Clapp  *  Son,  Printers, 
331  Wasbington  Street. 


^  '^•V^^'tlfrdrfi^- ^'•*'-*  ' 


IV 


Two  letters   of  Christopher   Kilby,  Esq.,  one  of  ^'^  W'""'" 
Penperrcll,   Bart.,  and  the  "Instructions  ot  (ieneral  HnuWock  to 
Colonel  Shirley,"  sovcrnor  of  the  province  of  iMassacluisctts,  appear 

'"The':ilSK-"are  the  property  of  Captain  Luther  Dan.e,  of 
Ncwburyport,  Mass.,  by  whose  courtesy  copies  were  taken  by 
ChaZ  W.  Tattle,  EBq.f  and  placed  in  n.y  hands  «- H>l-atK.n  m 
the  Historical  and  Genealogical  Heoisteu.  Ihcse  and  other 
Penncrrell  papers  came  into  Captain  Dame's  possession  from  his 
mSuS  uncle  Medical  Director  Charles  Chase,  U.  S  N  who  was 
bomTn  Kittery,  Maine,  and  lived  for  many  years  m  the  bparhawk 
iCi?  As  wUl  be  seen,  tl»ey  relate  to  matters  of  pubhc  mterest, 
and  contain  fiicts  that  have  never  before  appeared  in  print. 

For  "he  explanatory  notes  upon  those  papers,  and  fur  the  sketches 
of  two  important  personages  therein  named,  I  have  drawn  ma- 
terials, as  far  as  possible,  from  original  sources,  some  of  which  are 

"""t^^^^X^^-^  —  «f  Lieutenant-general  James 
St  Ckir,  and  of  Admiral  Sir  Charles  Knowles,  it  seems  strange  that 
nether  of  them  has  been  counted  worthy  of  notice  in  any  bio- 
g  SLldictionary,  in  America  or  Europe.  Tlus  on-^n  is  hard^^ 
le.s  strange  than  that  the  name  of  Admiral  Knowles  is  not  meii- 
tSned  in  our  American  histories,  except  in  connection  with  a  disturb- 
anceln  Boston,  in  November  1747,-an  affair  of  no  polmcaU.gnifi- 
cance  whatsoever. 
October,  1874. 


^- 


■^'■'I'taai^'i*''-  ^'*-*  ' 


iniiiiij)ii>j_j  mm 


imif»- 


i]-l)MM*»«M 


y 


'*->'-~*fei!i«. 


■•II 


rEPPEllKELL  PAPERS,' 

WITH   SKKTOIIE.S    OF   LT.    OEN.    TIIK    IIONOKABLK   JAMES    ST.  CLAIU, 
AN1>   ADMIUAI-    SIU   ClIAKIiES    KNOAVLE.S,    IJAUT. 


THE  followiiigf  inomoriiil  of  Christopher  Kilhy,*  addressed  to  the 
Duke  of  Newcastle,  is  cumuhitivc  evidence  of  liis  iiiHu- 
cncc  and  active  interest  in  our  colonial  affairs,  lie  had  the 
confidence  of  tlie  leading?  men  of  his  day,  hoth  in  England  and 
America ;  and  his  I'elations  with  Sir  William  Pepperrell,  in  particu- 
lar, were  of  the  most  friendly  nature.  Tiic  latter,  when  he  was  in 
En<j;land  in  174'J-5(),  was  the  jiuest  of  Mr.  Killiy  at  his  house  in 
Spring  Garden,  Jjondon,  and  there  had  the  pleasiu'C  of  the  society, 
also,  of  Admiral  Sir  Peter  Warren  and  General  Samuel  Waldo,  his 
late  coinpanions-in-arms  at  Louishiu'g. 

[CHUISTOIMIEU   KILUY   TO   THE   DUKE   OP   NEWCASTLE.] 

(Copy.) 

"  To  his    Grace  the  Duke  of  Newcasth',  one   of  I-  ■    Majestifs   Principal 

Secretaries  of  State. 

"  The  Jlcmorial  of  Clirisf  Kilby,  Agent  to  his  Majesty's  Province  of  the 
Massachiisets  Bay  in  New-England. 
"  Most  Humbly  Sheweth, 

"  Tliat  in  consequence  of  the  Advices  dispatclit  to  North  America,  it  is 
most  probable  his  Majesty's  Colonies  have  made  preparatiou  for  the  Arrival 

'  It  is  to  l)c  regretted  thnt  the  public  and  private  correspondence  and  other  papers  of  Sir 
William  Pepperrell  silioiild  ever  have  been  scattered,  or  any  jwrtion  of  them  destroyed. 
Their  fate  is  another  Illustration  of  the  insecurity  that  attends  private  collections,  no  matter 
how  valuable,  unless  they  arc  placed  in  the  custody  of  some  institution  whose  existence  is 
not  subject  to  tlie  ordinary  accidents  of  a  single  life,  or  the  caprices  of  a  single  will.  Is  it 
too  much  to  hope  that,  before  many  years  elapse,  all  the  Pci)pcrrell  papers  will  come  to- 
gether ?  It  will  make  but  little  dilVerence  what  depository  is  selected,  provided  it  be  safe 
and  ncccssilile. 

"  The  credit  of  having  discovered,  and  lirst  made  known  to  historiail  students  of  this 
day,  the  life  and  character  of  Christopher  Kilby,  is  due  to  the  criticjil  researches  of  Charles 
W.  Tattle,  Esq.  Sec  his  valuable  paper  in  tlie  twenty-sixth  volume  of  the  Uistouical  and 
Oenualooical  Reoisteh,  xxvi.  43-8,  and 437. 


'V, 


'tf'llii'  K\|)c(liiioii  iiili'iidi'd  tliitlicr.  iiiid  coiisidnriii;,'  (Iio  iinprccoilontfd  din- 
piitcli  of  tlu'  N(.'\v-Mii;.diiiid  l'"<xiM(liti()ii  aj^uiiist  Loiiisliiir<;,  it  is  to  \h)  iippro- 
Ih'ikIciI  ilial  lilt!  Zeal  uiid  Vii,'ilaii('(!  of'liis  Majesty's  Siilijoets  in  tiiat  p.iit  of 
tilt!  Worltl  may  liave  iiiiimattitl  liu'in  iit)t  only  tt»  raist;  l)iit  possiljly  to  inarcli 
a  NuiiiiitT  t)t"rr(ii)ps  in  roiilitltMift!  tif  HtTuriiij;  somt' prf)por  pussoH, and  he'  ig 
ollt'itiially  snppDitfd  llitTiin  ami  (•nal)li'tl  to  iiilvanci!  tovvanls  tlieir  Enemies 
at  Canatla,  l)y  tlit,  jniu'tion  t)f  ids  Majt^nty's  Forces  from  licnce. 

"  Tliat  till'  Frfiiili  Kiei't  liaviiij^  esfupoil  Adm'  IMartin,  may  prol)aI)Iy 
proct'i'd  to  Xortli  Amt!rit'a.  anil  after  liarrassiiij^  tlu!  Fisiiery,  and  tlestrt)ying 
till'  Sfiiienients  at  Newfountlland,  talving  possession  of  Nova  Seotia,  ilis- 
lit'ssirii;  aii  tlie  Tra<le  of  tiic  Ci)ntiMcnt,  anil  ianiling  in  and  piilagiiig  every 
partof  tlie  Kii^lisli  Settienienls  (lloston  &  Lonislairf^  oidy  exceptt!il),  may 
pass  into  liie  iJiver  of  St.  Laurence  tliro'  tlie  Straits  of  ISelle  Isle,  and  not 
only  secnrt!  Canada,  liy  throwini^  Troops  into  (^uel)ec  and  IVIontreal,  hut  l>y 
that  means  intluee  tlie  Intlians  to  join  tlieni  anil  thereby  ho  cnahletl  to  cut 
oil' and  destroy  such  parties  of  his  jNIajesty's  American  Sulijet!tH  as  may  jios- 
sihly  he  advanced  towards  Canada  in  faith  of  being  supported  by  the  Ex- 
peililion  which  has  lieen  notitiiid  to  them. 

"That  there  has  been  no  Intelli;;enco  from  Louisburg  since  January  last, 
and  none  from  lloston  since  the  niitldle  of  April. 

"That  the  next  Atlvices  which  may  be  hourly  expected,  will  proh.ably  bo 
of  the  utmost  Importance. 

"  Wherefore  your  IMemorialist  most  liumbly  i)r.ays,  if  the  whole  of  tho 
present  Kxpetlition  under  his  Fixcelleiicy,  General  St.  Clair,  should  not  bo 
immetliately  necessary  to  the  more  important  Concerns  of  the  Kingilom, 
that  such  other  part  of  the  saitl  Armament  as  will  not  be  prejudicial  to  his 
Majesty's  Service  in  Europe  may  be  continueil  a  few  days  in  such  Situation, 
that  if  the  Advices  from  America  shouhl  make  it  necessary,  they  may  bo 
sent  forward  to  perfect  any  ])lan  eiitert;d  into  by  his  Majesty's  American 
Subjects  for  an  attack,  or  to  alli)rd  them  such  succour  as  may  possibly  be  of 
absolute  necessity  for  their  dtifeiice  and  Security. 

"  Anil  your  memorialist  shall  ever  pray,  &c. 
''  Loiuhn,  Jiili/  1,  171(;." 

Mr.  Kilby's  iiicmorial,  it  will  1x5  observed,  is  an  earnest  appeal 
to  the  ministry  to  send  immediate  reinforcements  to  America  in  an- 
ticipation of  a  threatened  attack  liy  the  French  fleet.  We  may  more 
fully  understand  the  urgency  of  the  case,  if  wc  recall  the  history  of 
the  times  touching  the  long  contest  between  France  and  Great  Britain 
for  territorial  and  political  supremacy  in  North  America. 

The  capture  of  Louisburg'  in  1745,  brought  about  chiefly  by  the 
energy  and  prowess  of  New-England  troops,  stimulated  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  eastern  province^,  especially  ^Massachusetts,  to  attempt  fur- 
ther conquests ;  in  fact,  to  bring  the  whole  of  North  America  under 
tho  dominion  of  the  British  crown.  This  idea  seems  to  have  definite- 
ly shaped  itself  in  the  minds  of  Governor  Shirley,  Sir  William  Pep- 
pcrrell  and  AdmiralAVarren  as  early  as  the  month  of  October,  1745,' 
and  the  project  was  at  once  pressed  upon  the  attention  of  the  ministry. 

'  Letters  of  PoppciTcll,  Shlrluv,  ami  otlicrs,  iiboiit  tlie  first  Louislmrg  cxpcdititm  will  he 
found  in  llie  Mass.  His.  Sot-iety'sCollections,  i.  13-CO.  Sec  also  the  IIistouicai,  and  Gknea- 
rofJicAL  llrfitsTEii,  V.  88,  xii.  203. 

»  See  I'rovin.  Piipcrs  of  Ncw-IIamppliire,  v.  949-.'50,  for  letters  of  Governors  Shirley 
nntl  Wentwortli  on  this  sulyect,  as  early  as  April,  1745. 


ircceilontiMl  dis- 
;  is  to  1»()  iippro- 
<  in  tliiit  ii.iit  of 
wHJljIy  to  iiiiii'fli 
asses,  and  ho'ig 
i  tlieir  Kiiemics 
cc. 
nmy  probably 
and  destroying 
)va  Sootia,  dis- 
pillaginj,'  every 
jxccptcMl),  may 
n  Isle,  and  not 
ontreal,  bnt  by 
enabled  to  eut 
ets  as  may  pos- 
i)d  by  tbo  Ex- 

c  January  lust, 

ill  probably  bo 

I  whole  of  tlio 
should  not  bo 
the  Kingdom, 
'judicial  to  his 
sueh  Situation, 
,  they  may  bo 
ity's  American 
possibly  bo  of 


arncst  appeal 
incrica  in  an- 
Wc  may  more 
the  history  of 
Great  Britain 
I. 

;hicfly  by  the 
il  the  inhabi- 
)  attempt  fur- 
mcrica  nndcr 
!iavc  definite- 
rVilliam  Pcp- 
tobcr,  1745,» 
the  ministry. 

pcdition  will  ho 

CAI,  AND  GENKA- 

jvcrnors  Shirley 


\ 


Tlic  latter  pivc  their  approval ;  and  in  tlio  eii.-iiinjij  spring'  the  DiiUc 
of  NewcuHtle,  heoretary  of  utate  for  tlie  eolonics,  entered  nimn  the 
work  with  more  than  Ills  ordinary  zeal.     All  the  pruviiieial  uoverii- 
or.s,  aw  far  sonth  ad  Virginia,  were  urged  to  eixiperate  in  the  I'xpedi- 
tion.     Shirley  and  iV'pi>errell  received  lu-ders  to  jiiit  their  royal  regi- 
ments in  coiulition  for  garrison  duty  at  Lonisbnrg,  and  to  promote  the 
design  by  every  means  in  their  power.     The  plan  oi'  the  eanipaign 
contemplated  an  invasion  of  Canada  by  land  and  naval  foret's  eoin- 
blncd  :  the  former  nnder  the  command  of  Lieut»iiaiit-general  .lames 
St.  Clair,'   and  the   latter  under  Athniral  Sir  I'eler  Warren.       It 
was  intended  that   a  srpiadron  of  ships-of-war  and  a  large  number 
of  troops    should    be   sent    from    Europe,    making    a    jmietiini    at 
Loulsburg  with  the  troops  raised  in   New-Kngland  ;  and  that  they 
should  proceed,  together,  up  the  St.  Lawrence.     'I'he  forces  raised 
in  New- York,  and  further  south,  were  to  rendezvous  in  Albany,  and 
thence,  under  the    command  of  IJrigadier-gencral  William  (Jooeh, 
j^vcrnor   of  Virginia,  move  against  Crown  Point    and  Montreal. 
The  province  of  Massachusetts  raised  three  thousand  men  for  this 
expedition,  and  the  other  provinces  furnished  in  all  about  as  many 
more.     But  to  the  great  disappointment  of  all  the  provinces  concern- 
ed, especially  of  the  New-England,  the  movement  was  delayed  until 
the   season   was   too   far   advanced,  and   then  was   given   uj)   by 
the  ministry,  after  extensive  j)reparations  had  been  made  both  in 
England  and  America.     This  result  was  chiefly  due,  it  was  alleged, 
to  delays  caused    by  conflicting   orders  from  the  war-ofKee,   based 
upon   the   disturbed  condition  of  Europe    and  the  embarrassments 
of  the   British  administration.     It  now  appears,  however,  that  the 
miscarriage  of  this  expedition  was  mainly  owing  to  the  inefiicieney 
of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle. 

France,  in  the  meanwhile,  was  not  an  idle  spectator  of  the  events 
transpiring  in  America.  The  success  of  the  jjrovincial  forces  at 
Louisburg,  while  it  astonished  all  Europe,  aroused  France  to  attempt 
not  only  the  recovery  of  what  she  had  lost,  but  the  concjucst  of  Nova 
Scotia  and  the  extirpation  of  the  English  along  the  sea-coast  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  Georgia.  For  this  she  had  plenty  of  troops,  a  for- 
midable navy,  and  able  commanders.  The  plan  concerted  by  Shirley, 
PepperrcU  and  Warren  for  the  conquest  of  Canada,  above  referred 
to,  was  no  secret  at  Versailles,  and  the  assembling  of  the  French 
expeditionary  force  at  Brest  was  as  well  known  in  Boston  as  in  Ijon- 
don.  Preparations  for  the  reduction  of  Canada  were  being  rapidly 
perfected  in  America ;  yet  it  was  obvious  that  the  provincial  trooi)s 
unaided  .by  the  navy  of  Great  Britain  could  accomplish  but  little; 
and  that  the  removal  of  so  large  a  portion  of  the  arms-bearing 
population  from  the  sea-coast  would  expose  it  to  sudden  and  ruinous 

it  is  noteworthy  that  tlirce  other  ofTiccrs  of  this  Purnnmc  figure  more  or  less  prominently 
in  the  military  annals  of  Europe  and  Anierica  in  the  18tli  century,  namely  :  (ien.  Patrick, 
Ocn.  Arthur,  and  Sir  John  ;  the  last  named  as  quartermaster-general  under  Braddoek. 


8 


^ 


nttackH  l>y  the  enemy.  The  news  nt  hint  eaine  that  the  IJivnt 
i*i|iia(h'()M  liatl  ejraped  (he  Ilritinh  eniixerH  and  naiK'd  weftwanl,  ai.<l 
niijrlit  at  any  nioinent  lie  thiinderin^r  at  oiir  doort). 

Diii'in^r  the  Huinnier  and  aiidiniu  nt'the  year  ITtii,  Kranee  m-nt  out 
n(»  IcHH  than  three  puwerf'nl  Ih'et.xde.-'ij^'ned  lor  active  n|iei'ati<)i)H  on  our 
coant.  Thene  were  to  he  joined  hy  nueli  tojiiadronH  i\>*  were  already 
in  the  AVect  Indien  and  in  other  American  waters.  Tin;  threatening 
movementrt  of  the  hitter,  the  expi-cted  arrival  of  the  entire  fleet  with 
troops,  and  the  delay  of  the  auxiliary  forecH  proiuised  from  Kn^daud, 
produced  iutenne  and  prolou<{ed  excitement  in  America,  hucIi  ai*  wu 
nii^ht  have  experienced  at  almost  any  period  of  our  late  war,  had  our 
Bea-port8  heen  menaced  for  months  with  the  dcHcent  of  the  comhined 
navies  of  France  and  (ireat  llritain.  "  Knirland,"  Hays  lintchinsou, 
"was  not  more  alarmed  with  the  Spanish  arnuuhiiu  ITiHH,  than  Itoston 
and  other  Xorth  American  seaportH  were  with  the  arrival  of  this  tieet 
hi  their  neif^hhorhood."  He  adds,  "The  firmest  mind  will  hcnd 
upon  the  first  advice  of  inuninent  (huiger  t(»  its  country.  Kven  the 
great  De  Witt  swooned  when  he  first  opened  a  letter  jfiving  intt^lli- 
gence  of  Enghmd's  confederatin}f  with  France  to  euBlave  the  Dutch, 
though  the  next  moment  he  recovered  his  natural  courage  and  viva- 
city.'" So  in  the  presence  of  a  great  external  danger,  the  amhitioua 
longing  of  the  patriots  of  171<)  for  colonial  independence  was  turned, 
ns  it  was  on  other  like  occasions,  into  an  appeal  for  succor  from  "  the 
hand  of  tyranny,"  hut  it  revived  as  soon  as  the  peril  had  vanished. 

Kverythlng  was  done  ))y  the  New-England  i)r()vinces  in  this 
emergency  tlmt  was  practicahle ;  hut  what  they  couhl  not,  and  the 
Ikitisli  navies  did  not,  accomplish  was  brought  ahout  by  tempests 
and  sickness.  The  French  armadas  of  174(i,  like  the  Spanish 
of  1588,  perielied  without  striking  a  single  effective  blow. 

The  Honorable  James  St.  Clair,  at  this  time  a  lieutenant-general 
in  the  British  army,  was  selected  to  command  this  expedition.  He  was 
the  second  eon  of  Lord  Henry  St.  Clair,  eighth  Lord  Sinclair. 
The  family  of  St.  Clair  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  highly 
connected  in  Scotland;  its  descent  from  Norman,  Scandinavian,  and 
Scottish  kings  and  nobles  being  clearly  traceable* 

His  elder  brother  having  engaged  in  the  rebellion  of  1715, 
was  attainted  by  act  of  parliainent,  and,  upon  the  death  of  their 
father,  the  estates  and  the  title  passed  to  James,  who  thus  became 
dejure  ninth  Lord  Sinclair.  1  Jut  he  never  assumed  the  title  ;  and  when , 
subsequently,  his  brother's  attainder  was  removed,  James  trans- 
ferred to  him  the  family  estates.  James  entered  the  army,  and  on  the 
26th  of  July,  1722,  obtained  the  rank  of  colonel ;  that  of  major-gen- 
eral on  the  15th  of  August,  1741 ;  and  that  of  lieutenant-general,  the 
4th  of  June,  1745.    In  the  latter  year  he  was  quartcrmastcr-genc- 


'  lluteliinson's  History,  ii.  382. 

»  Burke's  I'curagc  iiiid  UuroncUige  (od.  1857),  title  Suxclaiv. 


I  ■  I  *i-t>-i^-.iinfti  naiaiiiiiiiiij -itTfTf  iff^iii'  rViaiVi  ^T^'-"^^*^*■^¥^^* 


t  tlic    llroHt 
eitwanl,  ai,(l 

iicc  Bcnt  (Hit 
itioiiH  1)1)  our 
voir  iilrctidy 
tln'ciiti'iiiii;; 
•f  fifct  witli 
tn  Kn^rliiiid, 
,  Kiicli  III*  wo 
nir,  lisul  our 
10  coiiihiiu'il 

liutcllillfOII, 

than  Ito><(oii 
of  tlii;*  fleet 
I  will  Ik'miI 
Kvcn  tlio 
\'m<f  iiit(!lli- 
tiie  Diitoh, 
re  and  viva- 
le  ainltitious 
wan  turned, 
r  from  "  tlio 
vanif^lied. 
ma  in  tliis 
of,  and  flio 
by  tenipct<tt) 
lie    Spanish 

iV. 

lant-jjoncral 
un.  lie  was 
d  Sinclair, 
and  liighly 
navian,  and 

I  of  1715, 
ith  of  their 
Iiu8  became 
;  and  when, 
vmcs  trans- 
,  and  on  the 
major-gcn- 
gcucral,  the 
lastcr-gcnc- 


•y 


III 

I  inset 
illl    ( 


ral  ol'  iIk-  Miili^li  li'ive^  in    Kliiiider-..      (Inienil   St.  ( 'liiir  |iiii-..d  llie^ 

^riealer  portion  of  a  lile  of  aetive  milifary  s.rvice  nii  tlir  limnl  of 

Kiin.|M-.      lie  ac.|nirnl   the  ivpiitMlinii   /.f  lirinu'  nil  ;ilil.'  ■.fliccr.  iiiitl 
iiioiv  lliiiii  oiMH-  wa.-<  iiilnisted   l»,v  llif  kin;:  uilli  .liplnniiili.-    iiii««ioii-. 
Hoping;  fo  «'.«<eape  e«'niHUre  for  tlie  liir;,'e  expeiiditiiref*  eaii-id  liv  tlio 
proiectt<rAiii<Tii'iiii   ixpcditinii  of   17li;,  tlie  minl-'lrv  diivil.d   ( ieii- 
erai  St.  Cliiir.  in  eonneclioii  willi  Ailiiiiiiil  hi-lnik,  iiv;!iiii-l  the  JikIl;- 
nienl    ol    liotli    tlione  ollieer.'-,   to  attempt    tlie  redmtion    ol    !"( )rieiit 
(tlie  depot  ol'llie  Freiieli  Kiist  I  iidiii  ( 'oiiipiiiiy ).  In  Ivorlu  lort.  ;md  la 
Uoelielle,  on  tlie  eoa.-t  of    Uritlanv.      Tlie  luire,-.,  iiiiide  iip  eliielU   .if 
those  which  hail  lieeii  intended  for  Canada,  and  eon>i>tiii';'  of  sixteen 
Mliip>-ol-tlie-line,  eii;lit    tri^^'iles,  and   two   lioinl.-ketelies.    with   land- 
troops  to  the  iiiiinlier  of  .'i, «<><>,  -••t  "iit   from  rivmonth  on  the  I  llh' 
day  of  Septeniher,  17l<>.     This  attempt,  owiii;:  l"  i">   almost  total 
iLrnoranee  of  the  condition  ot  the   places  to   lie  attai'ked,  on  tlu'  part 
liiilhof  the  war-olliceaiid  ol  the  commanders  of  the  expclition,  proved 
an  utter  failure.'     The  conduct  of  the    Mritisli  ministiy  in   iiiidcrtak- 
this  expedition,   as   well   as   in   alianiloiiini:'  the  one   lately   pro- 
I,  was  j;ravely  censured   in    liolli   henii-pheres.      They  fiirni-hcd 
xamph"  finee  then  repeatedly  and  unwisely  imitated,  of  a  ealii- 
net    or  an  administration    nf  civilians    overruling;-  the   jml^.-'menl   of 
experienced  otheers  upon  purely  military  allaiis,  and   from  no  hij^her 
motives  than  such  as  spriii;;  out  of  party  exi^'cneies.' 

(leneral  St.  Clair  was  a  memlier  of  parliament  many  years,  ha\  ini,' 
heen  elected  for  the  Dysart  liorou;;hs  in  172-*,  and  -iiiiscipiently  f.ir 
the  counties  of  Sutherland  and  Kile.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  at  Dysart  near  the  eloseSif  the  year  17<;:i,  he  was 
a  memher  of  ]iarlianient  for  the  county  of  Fife,  c;overnor  of  Cork, 
and  colonel  of  the  first  re;iinient  of  foot,  or  "  the  royals." 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that,  \'hcii  the  expedition  of  17lti  des- 
tined for  Canada  was  preparing,  the  celel.rated  David  iiiiine  accept- 
ed the  invitation  of  iJeneral  St.  C'lair  to  accompany  him  as  military 
secretary;  and  went  in  that  capacity  with  this  otlicci  in  the  attempted 
redu(!tion  of  I'Orient.  Uy  a|)pointinent  of  his  chief,  Hume  also 
tilled  the  difHcult  and  responsihie  position  of  judge  advocate.'' 
Suhseipiently,  in  the  diplomatic  missions  of  (Jeneral  St.  Clair  to  the 
courts  of  Austria  anil  Turin  in  17  IS,  IIiiiiu!  was  his  secretary 
and  aide-de-camp.  The  failure  of  the  attempted  reduction  of  !"( )iient 
hecaine  the  suhject  of  hitter  and  eiuUess  controversy,  and  it  is  fortu- 
nate that  we  liow    have  a  candid  and  intelligihle  account  of   that 

'  Iliinic  snvs,  on  ttio  1 'itli,  tint  tlie  larficr  niinibpr  of  authorities  sny,  the  lltli. 

''  Comi>arc'Chanioek  (liio.  Navalis),  CaiiiplieirH  Lives  of  tlie  Aihniruls,  the  Nuval  Chron- 
icle, mill  tlie  fjoneral  histories  of  this  perioil. 

•'  See  IViiUTol'i'.s  Hist.  tTniteil  States,  iii.  I(U,  ami  other  aiitliorities. 

■•  Hiirton's  Life  ainl  Corresiiondeiiee  of  na\  i.l  lliiiue,  I.  2ll'.l-210,  iri  ves  the  ihitc  as  Noveinlier 
30;  Imt  accordiiiRto  tlie  (ieiitleiiiair>  Maira/iiie,  xxxii.  imo,  liiMliath  onnrreil  O.toher  lih. 

•  'i'lie  ailvaiitaf.'e  to  the  lii-toriaii  IVoiu  hnviu:.'  heen  an  eye-wi'iiess  (jf  niilitiny  o|i,iMti(,ii-, 
ns  eviileiiieU  liv  the  works  of  I'liuiydiilos,  Xeno|ilioii,  I'olybiiis,  (iiii.cianliiii,  Davila  and 
Ilaidii,  and,  iii'a  less  defiree.  Iiy  the  histories  of  Nieljiihr  and  Uiime,  has  not  escaped  the 
uttuiitiuii  uf  historicul  studcnti>. 


^ 


*"' 


asrvTrs 


"rsssrrr^jTS^^ 


i>»  ■   ■'  :.  iwij  iwi 


"^f*^ 


rT:-r»~^;'f/.ii'"**'*'BS2KSi;~:;3a»£..  r';7.' 


i^JEJS.-  -i-  ri^ 


10 


expodifion  drawn  l>v  tlic  pen  of  I Iiinie  himself.'  Vrnt  for  the  ohanfre 
in  the  directiou  of  tlie  Canada  expedition,  it  is  probahle  that  15of*ton 
^v(ndd  have  liad  the  honor  of  a  visit  from  Hume,  the  most  distinguished 
pl.ilnsopher  and  liistorian  of  liis  age  ;  for  Christopher  Kill)y  in  a  htter 
to  Thomas  llancoek,  wrhtcn  just  before  the  Heet  was  expeeted  to  sad 
for  America,  re(iuests  Hancock  to  aUow  (leneral  St.  Clair  to  lodge 
at  his  house,— the  Hancock  House'  of  our  day,— till  he  could  he  other- 
wise acconimoilated.* 

[CIIIUSTOI'IIKR   KILIJY   TO    mi   WILTJAM   rKlTKlUlKLI-."] 

"  Spring  Ganlcii,  30  May,  1747. 

•'Hon'' Sin.  ^  .  ^  ,. 

"I  have  delivered  Major  Wise  who  goes  Passenger  in  one  ot  the 
men  of  war,  your  Patent  for  Baronet,  in  a  box  with  the  Uroad  Seal,  llie 
(;r'vnt  of  Arms  from  the  Herald's  ollice  in  a  Glass  l<  rame  cased,  a  Small 
15ox  containing  vour  own  watch  &  La<ly  Pepperdls  with  a  (.old  cham.  an 
E.r.r  a  Seal,  a  Crystal  heart  &  a  incture  of  the  Duke,  also^your  owu  Seal 
vtTv'neiitlvcutL»i;  a  box  with  the  Impression  of  three  faces. 

"Since  my  last  another  bill  has  been   presented  to  mo  drawn  by  C apt. 
Mason-^  fo.-  £10U.     One  from  Lt.  Dwight"  £  lOtX  two  from  Lt.  Johnson'  .>8  . . 
4   and  £('.1    1<>.  8.  making  £100.  &  two  from  Robert  Mclvennen'  tor  £100 
&■  £.^0      I  have  never  had  any  information  of  Mr.  McKennen's  bemg  ui 
the  Kcmuent,  and  adding  him  &  Lt.  Whatmongh'  to  the  list  of  Lieutenants 
i     malu.s   •>■>   instead   of    21,   and    that    Whatmongh    is    a    L.eutcnan 
seems  Evident  as  he  has  been  the  subject  of  a  Court  Marti.al,  and  a  Court 
of  Emmirv  has  satt  upon  his  Commission.    It  is  however  very  extraordmary 
that  the  return  of  the  Court  of  Entpiry  which  vvas  delivered  mo  the 
Secretary  at  war's  own  hands  is  not  to  be  found.     But  as  t  ,e  Secretary  at 
v'r  has  wrote  to   Louisbourg  on  this  occasion  the  aflair  will  doubtless  be 
deared  up.     I  think  it  impossible  that  Lieut.  Whatmough  can  have  one  of 
the  Eleven  blank  Commissions  Lt.  Col.  Ryan  carry'd  with  h.m  to  deliver 
vou      And  the  other  ten  were  filled  up  here-the  seventh  m  rank  &  dated 
the  7'"  September  was  given  to  one  William  Fulhvood  whom  I  never  saw 
or  could  hear  of.     But  I  appreheiul  however  that  may  be  that  its  very 
n  atcS  to  know  whether  this  same  Mr.  Whatmough  was  appointed  by  your 
d  rec  io  IS  or  with  your  consent,  for  it  was  never  intended  that  any  ot  the 
amirs  o"swhich\vent  from  hence  should  be  iill'd  up  by  any  other  Pey- 
ser   There  is  certainly  some  thing  wrong  about  tins   commiss.on   .as    his 
power  of  attorney  to  his  wife  bears  date  before  Mr.  Whatmough  s  departiu^e 
fiom  El  -land.     I  can  come  at  nothing  respecting  this  aflair  here  (as  the 
reu  rii  of-  the  Court  of  Enquiry  is  lost)  to  be  depended  up..n  further  than 
[h  "e  In  imations.     I  fear  I  sludl  not  be  able  to  procure  any  more  money 
f!^m  the  Pli  Ollice  on  acc't  of  the  non-commission  othcers  &  private  mens 

.  Burton's  Life  and  Correspondence  of  David  Hume,  i.  (Appendix  A). 

a  Built  in  1737,  nnd  token  down  m  l«w. 

:  lf;Sy;i'po^;;uo?^."mko\,fN;^Sie:'^U  tvouldbc  interesting  to  Unow  what 

has  become  of  these  articles. 
»  John  Tufton  Mason. 
8  Edmund  Dwijiht. 


'  5i;Ki»n.n  a  ;^         ^.^1^ L^'l^^nS^l.e.el. 
:  |?:;::S  W^auSu  ^"."""«^  -  ^'^^^n  4  pepper...  OS  the  .urua 


uaiuc  of  this  olfleer. 


^m/m^-Eh^    "-•    •  •^- 


t  for  the  change 
l)le  that  Bdfiton 
(ft(listingui>-<hc'(l 
vill)y  in  a  httor 
oxpectetl  to  sail 
.  Chiir  to  lodge 
c  could  bo  othcr- 


KUUKM-l 

30  May,  1747. 

^er  ill  fnie  of  the 
Uroad  Seal.  The 
me  cased,  a  Small 
a  Gold  chain,  an 
jo  your  owu  Seal 

10  drawn  by  Capt. 
Lt.  Johnson'  .">«.  D. 
Ivennen'  for  £100 
vennen's  being  in 
list  of  Lieutenants 
is    a    Lieutenant 
rtial,  and  a  Court 
rery  extraordinary 
lelivered  into  the 
s  the  Secretary  at 
will  doubtless  bo 
h  can  have  one  of 
ith  him  to  deliver 
h  in  rank  &  dated 
ihoui  I  never  saw 
y  be  that  its  very 
appointed  by  your 
ed  that  any  of  the 
by  any  otlier  per- 
;omniission    as    his 
;mough's  departure 
atl'air  here  (as  the 
upon  further  than 
!  any  more  money 
ers  &  private  mens 

A), 
tcrestiug  to  know  what 


icn'cU. 

buruumc  of  this  offlcer. 


I 


f:\ 


11 

subsistence  till  we  have  advic^e  from  Louisbours  after  their  ships  arrival 
there,  and  the  paymaster's  deputy  <Si  the  remitti'rs  liavt-  been  able  to  adjust 
with  the  Regimental  paymasters  respeetin.i--  tin;  pay  of  the  last  year.  I.ut 
1  shall  notwithstanding  upon  any  advice  or  directions  you  may  he  pleased 
to  "ive  mo,  jiay  the  several  IVills  that  are  now  presented,  tlio  its  very  extra- 
ordinary that  £y")0  of  them  should  be  from  the  same  spot  rhiladeli.hia  &, 
drawn  by  three  ditlcreiit  olliiiers. 

"  The  Cloathing  goes  by  this  opjiortunity  to  Louisliouri?  with  an  aci;  t 
thereof,  and  we  have  b..-eu  nither  governed  as  to  the  nuinb.>r  of  suits  by 
what  ininht  pass  muster  with  the  General  Ollicers  than  what  were  absoluti!- 
ly  neees'iry  to  the  men  on  the  spot.  It  will  be  necessary  that  an  exact 
nccount  should  be  kept  of  the  expensce  of  Inlistin,<j.  as  it  is  yet  appreluMidecl 
that  there  will  be  a  very  great  savinj,' out  of  the  non  etl'ective  jiay,  and  it 
so  its  intended  to  apply  it  to  the  payment  of  part  of  tin;  Province  demands 
for  takii"'  &  holdini,'  t'he  place.  IJut  little  assistance  can  be  expected  from 
this  (luarter  by  any  body  that  knows  the  dilliculty  of  inlistin.ir,  tlio'  if  they 
who  are  to  pay  the  money  are  inclined  to  amuse  themselves  it  is  nut  in 

our  power  to  avoid  it.  ,,-.,,     ^   ,     i,  .i 

"  Your  worthy  Friend  Admiral  Warren  is  created  a  Ivniglit  ot  the  J>atli 
thro  his  late  success,  which  however  robs  North  \merica  of  his  .^ood  si>r- 
vices,  and  I  shall  bo  very  glad  if  we  are  not  neglected  thro  a  persuasion 
that  the  takinjr  of  the  men  of  war  intended  thither  Inis  removed  every  dan- 
ger. I  am  inijialiently  waiting  the  pleasure  of  a  letter  from  you,  &  am 
with  the  greatest  respect  to  Lady  Peppcrell,  your  Family  &  all  its  friends, 
"  Sir,  Your  most  obedient  humble  Sev't 

"  Cuius.   KlLBY." 

"All  the  officers  of  both  Regiments  are  under  orders  to  proctsed  to  their 
posts  on  jiain  of  being  superceeded  except  Capt.  IJoyle  who  has  leave  of 
absence  for  the  reiovery  of  his  health." 

Lieutenant-colonel  William  Ryan,  spoken  of  in  this  letter,  was 
an  officer  in  Pepperrcll's  rfiyal  American  regiment.  lie  was  an  Knglish- 
nian,  and  when  he  fir.-^t  joined  the  regiment  brought (ner  a  number  of 
commissions.  From  some  of  these  he  erased  names  and  dates,  sub- 
stituting others ;  and  some  which  Avere  sent  in  bliuik  he  filled  uj), 
without"autiu)rity.  lie  also  made  false  accusations  against  his  col- 
onel, Sir  WilKam  Peppcrrell,  charging  him  among  otlier  things  with 
selling  commissions  For  his  conduct  in  this  matter  Kyan,  upon 
the  king's  order,  was  tried  by  a  court-martial,  and  cashiered.' 

[sir  AVILLIA.M  PEri'EKUELL  TO  MU.   SECUETAUY  COKllETT.] 

"Tiseatacpia  in  New-England,  Sept.  12,  1719. 

"  IIOXOUAIU.E  Siu: 

"  As  I  make  no  doubt  but  that  long  before  this  you  have  heard 
that  His  Majestys  Ship  Ajnerica"  is  all  comi)leated,  and  will  yoii  be  pleased 
to  "-ive  mo  liberty  to  d&iire  this  favor  of  you,  that  as  Col.  Nath'l   Meservo 

'  Dr.  Parsons  (I.ifo  of  Sir  Williiim  Poppcnt'll)  and  Aihinis  (Annals  of  Porlsmoiith)  aio 
in  error  in  sayiiif?  that  Admiral  Wanen  was  niiidc  a  Uuoiict. 

-' Parsons'.-."  l.ifo  of  Pi'ppc'.Ti'll. 

•"  A  list  if  the  vosM'ls  of  war  Imilt  in  Portsmouth  lictwoon  the  yoais  Hi»)  ami  m\S, 
with  histniiial  imti's,  by  Comiiiodoio  Geo.  Hcmy  Pixhle,  U.S.N.,  will  ho  loiind  in  llie 
ULUisJiat,  xxii.  393-402. 


'  ff^ym^*^!"  '* 


f,     1! 


fi 


12 

the  l.uil.lcr  of  s(l  ship  hv  tho  dcslro  of  Rear  Admiral  Knowlcs  made  her 
some  fo»a  U>u<ivv  h:  Vf  'Kvv\  than  yv  contract,  that  you  would  mention  this 
to  tiicir  1  onlships  that  h.;  may  iiave  some  allowance  for  it  as  this  Len-^th 
must  he  111  the  hody  of  the  shii)  the  huilder  declares  that  he  shall  he  a  great 
sulVerer  if  this  is  not  done.  ,       •  •.    i 

"  lU'fore  IMr.  Wallis  came  here  to  look  after  the  ship  I  constantly  visited 
her  twice  every  wei'k  to  see  that  the  timher  was  sound  and  well  vorked 
&  as  1  was  (jhlijied  to  jjo  in  a  hoat  upwards  of  three  miles  hy  water  yo 
Kxpence  of  the  hands  with  drawing  and  copying  the  contract  cost  me 
upw''"  of  fifty  pounds  Sterl.  hesides  my  own  time  and  expeiice.  I  was 
likewise  at  some  expence  to  procure  part  of  a  cargo  of  Naval  Stors  to  lode 
her  it  after  to  dispose  of  tliem  as  1  had  diri'Ction  so  to  do. 

"  I  desire  that  vou  would  mention  this  to  their  Lordships  and   what  they 
see  cause    to  allow   me   I   shall   submit  to,  and   whenever  they  have  any 
further  eonunands  I  shall  take  a  pleasure  to  Execute  them.^ 
"  1  am  with  the  Utmost  Esteem, 
"  Hon'''"'  Sir. 
"  Your  Faithful  and  Most  Obedient  ITnmble  Servant, 

"  Wm.  ri:i'i'i:uui;i,L." 

"  The  Honorable  Thomas  Corbett,  Esq.,  .  ,    .    ,     „ 

"  Secretary  to  the  Right  Hon"'"  The  Lord  Comm"  of  the  Admiralty. 

The  t^liip-of-wivr  America,  44  giins>,  rcferreil  to  in  the  preceding 
letter,  was  the  tliird  vessel  of  war  l)uilt  in  I'ovtstnouth,  N.  II.  Her 
constructor  was  Colonel  Nathiiniel  ^Icservc,'  lieutenant-colonel  of 
Moore's  regiment  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg,  in  1745.  He  was  col- 
onel of  a  regiment  imtlcr  Abercrombie  and  ^Vinslow  m  the  Crown 
Point  expedition  of  17.^(),  and  held  the  same  rank  in  the  expedition 
a<rainst  Louislmrgin  1758,  where  he  died  of  disease  contracted  in  tlic 
service  He  was  an  excellent  shipwright  and  a  brave  and  intelligent 
soldier  ;  and,  whether  he  was  fighting  the  French  at  Louisburg,  or  de- 
fending Fort  Edward  against  both  French  and  Indians,  or  building 
ships  in  Portsmouth,  his  work  was  always  thorough. 

The  America  was  begun  in  1747  and  launched  on  the  4th  ot  May, 
1749  The  terms  of  the  contract  under  which  she  was  Imilt  have 
not  been  iireserved,  and  we  have  no  exact  knowledge  of  her  tonnage 
or  cost.  The  ship-of-war  Boston,  44  guns,  said  to  have  been  built  in 
New-Kncrland  and  launched  in  ,1741),  was  a  vessel  of  8()2  tons.  The 
l)oard,=  mipointed  byCJov.  P.enning  Wentworth  at  the  rcciuest  of  hir 
AVilliam  i'ciiperrell,  fixed  the  price  to  lie  paid  to  the  constructor  of  tho 
America  at  nine  pounds  sterling  per  ton.  Her  cost  to  the  admiralty 
was,  therefore,  not  far  from  £8,000.* 

.  F..r  a  sUot.h  of  Col.  Mcscrvc,  I.y  Chnrlcs  W.  Tuttlo,  Esq.,  sec  Ueoister,  xxiii.  201-203. 

I  lotl.  in  O.liciriu'   J,)sliim  I'eiiw,  iiiid  Mark  HmiUnin  Wentworth. 

'  -n  .  Xu  1  s™      tlR.  lumnl  wils  b.snl  upon  tlic  n.oael  ami  s,,e.Mtni  ,ons  for  ",»*-'""- 

«1,M.      1.  oh  vm.  sent  from  tho  a.ln.iralty-offlce.    Hy  tlic  a.lvico  of  A.lmiral  J^'x.w    s    s  e 

V' '  ,      ;„m,  feet  oir'.'V  than  was  first  inten.led.     How  much  her  tonnaw  was  thtrcl.y 

was  niade  s  o       ac     o       1  I  nan  ua^  ^       „f,„„t  Portsmouth)  calls  the  America  a 

l^l'Inin'  ,1  "n,H  m  "  base  1  p  .  Icr  inc.oase.l  hMifjlh.  rcpperrcll  intimates  in  an- 
,1  e,  ;.t  Tili.t  Me'iive  ciitere.l  int..  c.ntracts  to  huil.l  two  ships  of  war;  lu.t  alter  a  pood 
'1  ,  f  .,  I  •'  h  we  fa  1  to  s certain  whether  he  l.nilt  more  than  one,  or  where  or  ly  ^^■honl 
;t  niUcmwaNaiilt  The  s\o.,p-ol-war  E^sex  was  built  about  this  t.u.e  by  13enjamiu 
llallowell,  of  Doston. 


I'lcs  liindo  lu'l' 
I  nioiitioii  this 
i  tliis  .Leii;,'tli 
liiU  1)0  a  groiit 

staiitly  visited 
well  vorkcd 
js  by  vviiter  yo 
itract  cost  mo 
|)t'iic('.  I  was 
Stors  to  U)(lo 

111(1  what  they 
thoy  have  any 


ervaiit, 

I'l'KUUKLL." 

Admiralty." 

he  preceding 
\.  II.  Ilcr 
int-colonel  of 
lie  was  Col- 
in the  Crown 
lie  expedition 
traotcd  in  the 
nd  intelligent 
lisburg,  or  dc- 
I,  or  building 

c  4tli  of  jNIay, 
as  Imilt  have 
if  her  tonnage 
e  been  built  in 
12  tons.  The 
rc(iuet<t  of  Sir 
istructor  of  the 
the  admiralty 


fER,  xxiii.  201-203. 

itioiis  for  a  4i  (liin- 
liral  Knowlos,  she 
iiiimc  was  tliorcliy 
nils  the  Aniericn  a. 
A\  iiitiii)ati.'s  ill  aii- 
•;  Imt  al'tcr  a  jrooil 
where  or  tiy  whom 
time  by  u'eiijaiiiiu 


13 

Admiral   Sir  Cliarles  Knowles,   liart.,   was  descended  from  Sir 
Thoinart  Knowle.s,  wiio  attended  liiciiard  the  First  to  the  llnly  Land, 
and  received  from  him  the  arms  since  borne  liy  tlie  family,      lie  was 
the  natural  son  of  Charles  Knowlos,  Karl  of  15anl)m"y,  by  a  Kreiicli 
lady  of  rank  and  uncommon  beauty.      He  was  born  in  tiie  year  1  702, 
ami  was  educated  at  thcciiarge  of  his  half-brother,  Lord  Wallingford, 
At  the  a-ic!  of  fourtiicn  he  entered  the  British  navy,  and  scrveil  aa 
midshipman  under  Admiral  Sir  (ieorge  Hyng,  afterward   Lord  Toi- 
rinyton.      lie  was  present  in  the  famous  iiattle  off  Cape   Passaro, 
SicTly,  in  1718,  and  in  the  still  more  memoralile  contest  between  the 
liritish  and  Spanish  Heets  near  Messina  in  August  of  the  same  year. 
While  yet  a  lieutenant,  his  reputation  as  an  engineer  and  nu-chani- 
eian  was  such  that  he  was  reiiuested  to  superintend  the  iiuilding  of 
AV'estminster  bridge  over  the  Thames,  but  unfortunately  that  duty  was 
afterward  assigned  to  another,  and  the  bridge  eventually  gave  way 
precisely  where  Mr.  Knowles  predicted. 

About  the  year  1727  he  was  raised  to  the  rank   of  commander, 
made  post  by  Lord  Torrington  in  17;U,  and  received  his  commission 
as  captain,  February  4,  17^7.     In  the  year  17.")!)  he  commanded  a 
frigate  in  the  West  Indies  under  Vice-admiral  Vernon  ;  and  in  the^ 
briUiant  naval  operations,  in  the  West  Indies  and  on  the  coast   of 
South  America,  during  the  ensuing  three  years,  he  was  of  the  highest 
service    to    that    admiral,    and    to     IJrigadier-general   Wentworth.' 
Captain    Knowlea    was    the    first    person    to    carry   a    ship-of-thc- 
line    into    Eiiiflisli    Ilariior,    Antigua,    which    he    accomplished    in 
February,   174;{.     In  the  same    year  he  had  a  separate  command 
for  the  reduction  of  la  Guira  and  Porto  CavaHo,  but  this  expedition 
failed  of  complete  success.      In  1744,  he  and  Captain  I'eter  Warren 
jointly  commanded  a  squadron  stationed  off  the   Leeward  Islands, 
and  had  the   good    fortune   to    capture    a  large  number  of  prizes, 
namelv,  three  Spanisli  and  twenty-one  French  ships.      In  Septemlier, 
1745, 'he  returned  to  England,  and  in  January  of  tiic  next  near  had 
the  command  of  a  detaclnneiit  for  observation  in  the  Knglish  Cliaiinel. 
On  the  2;kl  of  May,  1741),  Coinmodire  Knowles  arrived  at   Loii- 
isbm-g,  as  the  successor  of  Admiral  Sir  I'etir  Warren,  and,  on  the 
departure  of  Pepperrell  and  Warren  in  the  montii  of.lune,  lie  assum- 
ed the  governorship  of  Cape  liieton,  towhidihe  had  been  appoiiiteil. 
On  the  ir)th  of.Iuly,  1747,    he   was   promoted   rear-admiral   of  the 
white,  and  two  months  later    sailed  for  .Jamaica,  as  commander-in- 
chief  on  that  station.     In  March,  174-S,  he  carried  the  strongly  forti- 
fied forts  of  St.  Louis,'  St.  Domingo,  after  a  severe  contest ;  and  on 
the  12th  of  Mav  of  that  year  was  promoted  rear-admiral  of  the  red. 
On  the  first  of  ()ctol)er  following,  he  foiiulit  a  severe  and  partially  suc- 
cessful battle  with  the  Spanish  forces  under  \'ice-a(liiiii:il  Keguio.  which 
were  convoying  the  annual  plate-fleet,  containing  about  4(I,(M)0,0(H)  of 

'  As  to  the  iharaeter  of  this  oltlcer.  see  Wri-hlS  I.ifr  of  Miij.  ^''■"'  'alius  Wciilr.  1'',  17._ 

-  Aanilral   Venn  and   (ieinial  Veiialiles,  aelin;:  iiTiilir  ttir  i.nler- ol    Cr wi  II,    in   lii.>j, 

aud  Admiral  Venmii,  iieurlv  a  ecntuiy  later,  failed  in  tlieii  eltoitr-  to  rediue  tlie.-e  lurl-. 


;*'=-'r-?'Trr--'  ^^-7j^~.^-^.T:'<tvjesg^'->  "^ 


10^ f** 


S-^BTiVA 


14 

dollars,  from  Vera  Cruz.  This  battle  lasted  from  three  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon  to  cloven  o'clock  at  night,  and  but  for  the  darkness  would 
have  resulted  in  a  complete  victory.' 

In  1752,  Kear-admiral  Kuowles,  then  a  member  of  parliament 
for  Oatton  in  Surrey,  was  appointed  governor  of  Jamaica,  in  room 
of  Edward  Trelawney,  Esq.  ;  and   his   administration,  which   tcr- 
minjited  by  his  resignation  in  January,  1756,  was  generally  con- 
ceded to  have  been  eminently  successful.'    In  1757  he  was  second  in 
command  to  Admiral  Sir  Edw.ard  llawke  in  the  fruitless  expedition 
against  la  Kochefort.      Upon  the  management  of  this  expedition, 
particulnrly  upon  Admiral  Knowles's  part  in  it,  Smollett,  then  a  mer- 
cenary scribbler,  made  such  severe  strictures  in  the  Critical  Review, 
us  led  to  his  being  tried  on  the  charge  of  writing  and  publishing  a 
false  and  malicious  libel,  fined  £100,  and  imprisoned  in  tlic  Marshal- 
eca.'  Smollett  was  originally  a  loblally-boy,  or  inferior  attendant  on  the 
surgeon  on  board  Conunodore  Knowles's  ship  at  la  Guira,  and  from  the 
latter  received  his  first  warrant  as  surgeon's  mate,  and  repeated  acts  of 
kindness,  which  he  afterward  repaid  in  his  libels  and  in  his  history  of 
England,  with  the  baseness  characteristic  of  his  nature,  "  by  sup- 
•prcssing  or  distorting  every  circumstance  that  tended  to  the  honor  of 
his  former  patron."  * 

For  such  conduct  neither  Smollett  nor  his  friends  could  invoke  for 
him  the  charity  ordinarily  extended  to  the  rashness  of  youth ;  nor 
could  they  claim  iuununity  for  him  on  the  ground  that  he  had 
reached  that  condition,  sometimes  seen  in  the  case  of  an  old  man 
who  has  outlived  all  his  capacities,  save  for  the  vices  of  avarice  and 
menelacity,  and  all  his  faculties  except  that  which  has  become  strong- 
est tlu'ough  habitual  exercise  in  depicting  his  own  infirmities. 

In  1755,  Admiral  Knowlcs  had  been  advanced  to  be  rear-admiral  of 
the  blue,  and  vice-admiral  of  the  white  ;  and,  after  his  return  to  Eng- 
land, he  was  promoted  vice-admiral  of  the  red.  Subsequently  he  was 
promoted  to  be  admiral  of  the  blue,  and  admiral  of  tiie  white.  In 
October,  1765,  he  was  created  a  baronet,  and  in  November  was  made 
risar-admiral  of  the  navies  and  seas  of  Great  Britain,  as  successor  to 
Lord  Ilawke. 

In  (Jctobcr,  1770,  he  accepted  the  invitation  of  the  Empress  Ca- 
tharine to  i)reside  over  the  department  of  marine  in  liussia,  and  was 
made  a  member  of  the  imperial  council  of  state.  There  he  remain- 
ed till  1774.  lie  re-constructed  and  greatly  enlarged  the  Russian 
navy  on  his  own  plans,  and  built  the  docks  of  Cronstadt  and  other  im- 

'  Compare  Cliaviinrk  niul  tlic  criticisms  of  T)r.  Bcrkenhoiit  on  the  conduct  of  this  buttle. 
Tlie  aullKiritics  coiiilict  in  dates  and  in  oiilnioiis. 

2  Clianidik.  iv.  302-3.    Niiviil  Clironicic,  i.  llG-118. 

"  Adniral  Knuwlts  wonlil  Iiavc  overlooked  tlie  liliei,  bnt  liis  friends,  nmon;;  whom  were  tlie 
Earl  of  Man^lield,  tlicn  Mr.  Mnrray,  and  lliinie  Caniiiliell,  afterward  lord-register  of  Scot- 
l.Mid,  would  not  perinit  it.  'J'lie  ad'nnral  beinfin  gentleman,  disdained  to  notice  the  cowardly 
bluster  of  an  nnon.vnions  iiainjihletecr;  believing,  no  doubt,  that  the  uttererot  the  ealuuiny 
would  be  the  tirst  victim  of  Ids  owi.  ninlice. 

■•  Wright's  Life  of  Miijor-ge  ncral  Jiinu's  Wolfe,  375,  380;  Naval  Chioiiielc,  i.  119  (5th  cJ.). 
See  also  lluna',-.  ojiinion  of  .Siuollelt  as  au  hisloriaii 


)'clock  in  the 
rknees  would 

f  parliament 
ica,  in  room 
,  which  tcr- 
^nerally  con- 
vas  second  in 
S8  expediti(m 
3  expedition, 
:,  then  a  mer- 
tical  Review, 
publifhing  a 
tlie  Marshal- 
tcndant  on  the 
,  and  from  the 
peatcd  acts  of 
his  history  of 
re,  "  hy  siip- 
)  the  honor  of 

Lild  invoke  for 
•f  youth ;  nor 
that  he  had 
■  an  old  man 
f  avarice  and 
lecome  etrong- 
mities. 

rear-admiral  of 
■cturn  to  Eng- 
[uently  he  was 
he  white.  In 
liber  was  made 
18  successor  to 

Empress  Ca- 
ussia,  and  was 
ere  ho  remain- 
d  the  Russian 
t  and  other  im- 

Luluct  Of  this  buttle. 


ion;;  whom  wore  the 
)r(l-r('gister  of  Scot- 
I  notice  the  cownrclly 
;cic'r  ot  the  ealuuiiiy 

nitle,  i.  119  (5th  ml.). 


15 

portant  works.  His  services,  lioth  professional  and  political,  in  be- 
half of  Russia  and  England,  at  the  same  time,  are  entitled  to  special 
notice.  Tliey  stamp  him  as  a  naval  officer  and  engineer  of  extra- 
ordinary skill,  and  as  a  statesman  of  no  mean  capacity.' 

When  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Empress  Catharine,  in  1770, 
his  own  government,  with  whose  consent  that  stej)  was  taken, 
dropped  him  from  his  hard-earned  rank  in  the  navy,  and  ttjok  away 
his  half-pay  allowance.  Catharine,  too,  was  mean  in  her  rewards  ; 
and,  after  tour  years  of  brilliant  an<l  meritorious  labors  in  Russia,  hore- 
retiu-ned  p(jorer  than  he  went.  Upon  his  retiu-n,  he  made  apjilicatiim 
to  his  own  government  for  arrears  of  pay,  and  filed  a  memt»rial  of  his 
naval  service,  from  which  the  following  is  extracted  : 

"  That  ho  had  been  in  thirteen  general  .actions  timing  the  wars  tliat  liad 
liappcned  within  his  tinio ;  and  coninianded  in  six  liiinsolf.  In  tliut  of  la 
Guira  and  I'orto  Cavallo,  out  of  six  sliips  he  lost  nearly  (iOO  men,  killed 
and  wounded.  That  he  took  two  French  ships  with  one  reginient  of  Fitz- 
jiinics  on  board,  consisting  of  C'JO  men,  with  the  count,  and  live  other  gtMuMul 
olfieers  (in  174;')),  going  to  Scotland  ;  and  heat  back  three  otlier  ships  with 
Lord  Clare's  regiment,  into  Dunkirk:  which  service  His  Royal  Highness 
the  late  Duke  of  Cumberland  often  jicknowlc<lg(!d  facilitated  his  victory  at 
Culloden.  Tliat  in  tlie  late  war  he  drew  up  the  original  plans  for  attacking 
Senegal,  Gorcc,  Louisbourg,  Martinique,  and  the  Havana,  by  which  plans, 
and  tlie  intelligence  he  furnished,  all  those  places  were  taken ;  the  several 
copit's  of  which,  His  Majesty  has  now  in  his  i.ossession.  That  he  served 
also  several  years  in  quaUty  of  governor  of  Louisbourg  and  Jamaica,  and 
fortified  both  those  places."     *     *     *     * 

He  had  served  his  king  and  country  long  and  well ;  and,  by 
habitual  generosity'  both  to  officers  and  men,  and  by  large  expeiidi- 
tures  from  his  own  means  for  the  public  benefit,  had  impoverished  him- 
self and  his  family  ;  nevertheless,  he  was  permitted  to  [tass  the  remain- 
der of  his  days  in  poverty  and  comparative  obscurity,  in  that  England 
to  whose  immense  wealth  and  political  inHuence  he  had  so  largely  con- 
tributed. 

-  His  death  occurred  at  his  house  in  Bulstrode  street,  London,  on 
the  30th  of  November,  1777,  and  he  was  buried  in  the  middle  aisle 
of  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  Guildford,  Surrey. 

We  have  seen  that  he  was  a  good  engineer  and  a  capable  officer  ; 
brave  and  skilful  in  war,  vigilant  and  useful  in  time  of  peace.  Hut 
he  was  more  than  a  good  engineer,  and  more  than  a  good  fighter. 
Chancellor  Ilardwicke  declared  that "  Ins  civil  administration  as  gover- 
nor and  chancellor  of  Jamaica  had  never  been  siu'passed  ;"  and  Mr. 
Beach,  the  attorney-general,  said  that  "  but  for  bis  naval  profession 
he  should  have  thought  Mr.  Knowles  had  been  bred  to  the  bar."    "  1  le 

'  Naval  Clironiclc,  il.  2fi5-287 ;  where  he  is  styled  the  "  second  f;itlier  of  the  Russian  n  n  y ." 
2  The  £3000  that  fell  to  his  share  of  prize-money  at  the  taldiifr  of  I'ort  Loms  ho  distii- 
buted  amonft  the  sailors  of  the  fleet,  and  a  like  snm  due  him  fur  his  caiituro  of  S|):ini-h 
Bhips  o(f  Havana  he  distributed  in  a  similar  manner.  Aftor  his  death,  notos-ot-hanl 
amounting  to  £5j00,  for  money  loaned  by  him  to  otfleers  of  the  navy,  were  found  amona 
his  clTccts. 


ssw^sssr-' 


jHwaWiB— awwa*— f  *.^  .AW|vw^*»«iti  -^-^^ 


^-.,..K.v ....     .^-frVlfl^^'  _-_  «.K 


ifi 

translated  a  work  of  M.  do  la  Croix  ;  and  pul.liHlicd  a  vindication  of 
Sir  John  Mordainit'8  conduct.  He  also  invented  a  machine  for  disco- 
vcrincr  the  nres-^ure  of  the  wind  and  its  wcigiit ;  and  a  nieth<)d  tor 
ascerrainin-  its  velocity  ;"  in  this  particular  havinj?" preceded  the  ni- 
vention  of  the  celehrated  Euler,  as  the  latter  hnnselt  acknowledged. 

In  the  war  of  H.'iS,  Admiral  Knowles  was  ottered  420,000  by  the 
French  government  for  his  recipe  for  curing  beef  and  pork,  l)ut  he 
refused  to  sell  to  the  French,  or  to  receive  any  compensation  from 
his  own  government.  The  subsccpient  publication  of  this  recii)c 
caused  an  entire  revolution  in  the  method  of  preparing  beef  and  pork 
for  sea-use  ;  and  it  was  the  means  of  preventing  great  waste,  and  much 
of  the  usual  sickness  arising  from  scurvy.  Meats  prepared  by  this 
process  have  been  known  to  preserve  a  wholesome  condition  after  six 
years  of  sea-transportation  in  the  hottest  climates.  11ns  recipe,  or  (.no 
•much  like  it,  has  been  generally  employed  in  all  the  navies  and  m  the 
mercantile-marine  service  from  that  time  to  this.  Its  efficacy  is  as  well 
known  to  the  farmers  of  America  as  to  the  sadors  of  the  tropics. 

The  En<dish  colonies  in  America  were  greatly  indebted  in  many 
perilous  times  to  the  skill  and  courage  of  the  British  navy,  and  fre- 
J.uently  in  time  of  peace  to  the  friendly  interest  of  its  connnanders  ; 
but  to  none,  probably,  more  than  to  Admiral  Knowles  wh<.se  services 
as  .rovcrnor  of  Louisburg  and  Jamaica,  and  whose  various  naval  com- 
mands in  American  waters,  brought  him  into  close  connection  with 
public  attiiirs.  lie  rendered  important  services,  also,  as  a  com- 
missioner, with  Shirley,  in  collecting  the  necessary  data  tor  detcrmin- 
in.T  what  portion  of  the  expenses  of  the  proposed  Canada_expcdition 
should  be  refunded  by  the  imperial  gov«;rnment  to  the  American 

^'Tle">4's  an  intimate  friend  and  correspondent' of  Sir  AViHiam  Pep- 
perrell,  who  relied  much  ui>on  his  judgment.  He  f^requently  visited 
boston;  and  brought  Sir  William  to  this  place  on  Ins  second  return 
from  Louisburg,  in  October,  1747.  It  was  during  this  visit  that  an 
event  occurred,  which  has  furnished  a  text  on  which  historians  and 
annalists,  from  that  day  to  this,  have  founded  statements,  more  or 
less  highly  colored,  at  the  expense  of  Admiral  Knowles.  Cratliercd 
from  Hutchinson,  from  the  newspapers  of  the  day,  and  other  equally 
credible  soui-ces,  the  most  material  facts  in  the  case  are  as  ^"""ws  : 

After  refitting  his  ships,  which  had  been  badly  shattered^  by  the 
violent  storm  which  they  encountered  on  their  way  from  Louisburg, 
the  admiral  proceeded  to  Nantasket  roads  and  anchored.  VVlnlc 
waitin-'  there  for  the  assembling  of  the  merchant-fleet  which  he  was 
to  convoy,  a  large  number  of  his  men  deserted.     In  accordance  with 

'  Naval  Chronicle,  iii.  ,.  ,,„  , 

a  Pi-oviiKiiil  rapcis  of  Ncw-Hftrnpoliirc,  y.  534-6.  p„„„ns.„  t ifc>  of  Pepncrrcll. 

!<  Sovcml  of  Admiral  Knowles's  letters  will  l.c  found  in .^n'^^a" J  ^JiJ^^"  / 'f.^scl  .oners 

iiig  Post,  Oct  5,  and  12,  1747.) 


t^ 


-■>  trttfiy^  -feu'g--  ^•'■*-i  • 


tindiciition  of 
line  for  disco- 
u  luctliod  for 
•ceded  the  in- 
:nowle(lged."' 
10,000  by  the 
pork,  l)ut  he 
jiisiition  from 
>f  this  recipe 
beef  and  pork 
ste,  iind  iiiucli 
[)arcd  by  this 
lition  after  six 
recii)C,  or  one 
,ics  and  in  the 
icacy  i:^  as  well 
le  tro|)ics. 
bted  in  many 
navy,  and  fre- 
commanders  ; 
whose  services 
JUS  naval  com- 
)nnection  with 
lo,  as  a  com- 
fi  for  detcrmin- 
adaexpedition 
the  American 

William  Pcp- 
quently  visited 
J  second  return 
is  visit  that  an 

historians  and 
(lents,  more  or 
cs.  Gathered 
d  other  equally 
•e  as  follows  : 
littered*  by  the 
om  Louisburg, 
lorcd.  While 
t  which  he  was 
iccordancc  with 


c  of  PeppcrrcU. 
mid  tlio  scliooners 
incoimterc'd  tlic  liiir- 
■  her  16  uppur  deck 
ely.    (Boston  Even- 


17 

the  custom    of  that   period,  in  such   cases,    the    admiral    ros..lvC(l 
to  make  "ood  his  lot*s  by  impressments  ;   and  on  the  scventcntli  ot 
Novemi)e"  he  sent  ofhocrs   an.l  men  in   Ix.ats  to  lioston  to  accom- 
plish that  purpose.     They   took  sailors   from   the   mcrcliant-ycssels 
and  laborers  from  the  wharves,     'i'his  proceeding-  called  to^vtlicr  an 
excited  mob  of  "foreij,m  seamen,  servants,  ne-roes    and  other  pi-r- 
Bons  of  mean  and  vile  condition," '  who  seized  and  held  some  ot  tlic 
officers,  and  assaulted  the  town-house  in  King  (now  State)  street, 
where  the  general  court  was  then  in  session,  and   where    one   or 
more  of  the  ofHcers  had  taken  refuge.     The  whole  town  and  vu  imty 
was  under  the  control  of  the  mob  for  three  days,  and  several  ot 
the  naval  officers  barely  escaped  violence.     The  governor,  havmg 
called  in  vain  up(m  the  local  militia  for  support  in  his  eilorts  to  re- 
store   order,  took   refuge  in  Castle  William.     Alter   several  days 
of  tumult,  with  threats  of  violence  on  the  one  side  and  of   retaliation 
on  the  other,  negotiations  were  had  with  the  admiral,  and  he  was  in- 
duced to  release  most,  if  not  all,  of  the   inhabitants  who  had  been 
imi)re8sed  ;  and  quiet  was  restored.     The  tact  and  wise  counsel  of  Sir 
William  PepperrcU  were  successfully  employed  in  these  negotiations.' 
The  act  which  provoked  this  mob,  is  entitled  to  the  beneht  of  such 
anolo"-y  as  may  be  drawn  from  the  custom  of  the  navy  in  cases  ot  de- 
sertion ;  from  the  admiral's  averment  that  his  ofHcers  had  exceeded 
instructions  ;  and  from  the  fact,  alleged,  that  many  of  his  deserters 
had  taken  refuge  on  board  the  very  merchant-ships  which  he  was 
waiting  to  conduct  beyond  the  reach  of  French  and  Spanish  cruisers.* 
But^a  more  pleasing  incident  occurred  during  an  earlier  visit  of  the 
admiral,  in  April,  1747,  when  the  news  arrived  of  the  brave  defence 
of  the  garrison  at  "  Number  4  "  (on  Connecticut  River  in  New-Hamp- 
shire)  by  Captain  Phinehas  Stevens,  against  a  protracted  assault  by 
a  party  of  French  and  Indians,  under   the  lead  of  ^I.  Debelino. 
A(huir.d  Knowlcs  was  so  well   pleased  with  the  conduct  of    Cap- 
tain Stevens  that  he  presented  him  with  as  costly  and  elegant  a 
Bword  as  could  be  procured  in  Boston.     And  afterward  the  town- 
ship, "Number  4,"  was  named  Charlcstown,  by  Captain  Stevens  and 
his  associate  proprietors,  in  honor  of  the  admiral.* 

'  Lnpcnnco  of  «ie  "  Freelioldcrs  ntid  other  Inliabitants  of  Boston"  in  their  addrcns  to 
Gov  sKy?Nov.20,  1747.  f  Boston  Evening  Post  Dec.  21   1747. )  Sec  nlsothc  governor's 

proclamation.     (BostonEvcnniflPostof  Nov.  23;  Ncws-Lettcr.  N.>v  27.)  

^"  Mr  Bancroft  (History,  iii.  4G.5),  in  referring  to  Admiral  Knoulcs  in  eonnccion  with 
this  affiUr  seems  to  adopt  the  lans.iigc  applied  to  tliat  offlcer  l.y  Smollett  m  his  strictures  in 
the  Critical  Review.    Where  is  the  evidence  of  their  correctness  r  ..„,,•.  =„  0-,-,^ 

a  A  somewhat  different  version  of  tins  affair  is  pivcn  l.y  Cliarno.  k  (Cio.  Aain/f*,  iv-  3-J6) . 

(A  letter  from  Louisburg,  dated  Nov.  17  W,  1747.)  "We  have  advice  from  N^w-  an  p- 
8h  re  that  there  has  been  an  insurrection  at  'l5..ston,occa..ionc(l  by  Admiral  Kiiowles  o  Icri  g 
n  Bchooner  to  be  advertised  to  go  as  a  privateer  on  the  Spanish  main,  for  which  hey."-'"  ."!' 
for  volunteers,  and  a  great  number  of  men  enlisted,  but  when  he  was  ready  witli  his  ships 
osaU  he  declared  tlic^chooncr  a  ship  of  war,  and  ini.ned iate Iv  ii.ipresscd  all  the  nic  n. m 
the  merchant  ships  in  tlie  harbor  that  were  ready  to  go  uii.  cr  his  convoy.  1  his  exasperated 
te  people  to  such  a  degree  that  they  detained  some  of  his  oltlcer.s  on  s  K,ie  and  c.  me  1 
theiJ  barge  upuitothc  streets.  Oov.  Shirley  retired  to  his  eastlc,  .and  them  mini  1'^'  "'ere 
his  ships  up  into  the  town,  threatening  to  (iic.ipon  it  if  they  did  not  clease  '  »  '  .  '^^^^ '"'^ 
barge;  but  was  prevented  by  the  winds  shifting  while  he  was  !>''''"  «'l -.'''''','  ':«S'^^'\', 
mischief  might  have  ensued  ;  the  people  being  in  pos.session  ol  all  the  liatteriesof  thetown. 

*  Boston  Evening  Post,  No.  GU.    Belknap,  ii.  248-2ol. 
3 


IS 

111  flic  sMiiiP  iiiniitli  anil  yc'iii"  ii  corrcspoiuli'iico  todk  jiliKV  lichvcon 
tidsiiili  Willanl,  .si'crctiiry  t»t  the  iiroviuco  of  Mans^acliusctts,  and 
Admiral  KikiwIih,  wliicli  wa.-*  hdiKtraldo  to  the  cliaractei'  of 
hotli  tlu'se  iiHiH.'  An  unsinjncd,  iiiito<fraph  C()|>y  of  Secretary  Willard's 
Icltcr  ivails  as  follown  : 

"  Sii;, — I  doubt  not  luit  von  will  coiKlesaMid  to  allow  mo  the  Kreciloin  to 
ac(|iiaiiit  yon  with  my  ( Jritt'iVi  Surpriso  to  hcurtlu!  Namoof  (iodprophaniMlyes- 
tiTilay.  It  seems  to  mi'  a  yreat  I'liliappiiicss  tliat  tli(Mlistinf!;uisIied  IJepnta- 
tioii  yon  enjoy  (vfc  i  Itelieve  very  Justly)  of  a  pnhliek  tt  self  deiiyiiifj  Spirit  t& 
^eiiiiiiK!  Love  to  your  C'oniitry,  &  those  Ahilitys  of  I^Iind  which  render 
tliese  Virtues  ill  a  <,'eiitleinan  of  yonr  hi-ili  Hank  eminently  usefid  to  Maii- 
kiiiil,  slionld  he  in  any  Dej^ree  iinjiaired  hy  sneh  a  i'ractiee.  I  presuim;  you 
have  observed  the  Sense  which  the  Lej^i.tlatiire  of  Ureal  IJrilain  has  ex- 
pr(\sse(l  of  this  too  common  Evil  in  their  late  Act  for  suppressinjf  it.  Hecanso 
the  Unles  of  Hospitality  mij^ht  seem  to  forbid  my  interposing  in  this  Caso 
yesterday,  tho'  with  the  greatest  Modesty  it  Humility,  I  have  ehos(Ui  this 
Ah'thod  to  dischaij,'!!  my  iiidispeiisible  duty  as  well  to  yon  as  to  that  j,'lorion8 
Heiiii;  upon  whom  I  depend  for  every  Moment  of  my  Existence  it  for  every 
UK'ssiinf  which  I  enjoy,  it  at  whose  awful  'rribunal  I  must  very  soon  apjiear 
to  receive  the  decisive  Sentence  on  my  eternal  State. 

"  I  have  the  utmost  ('onlideiice  in  yom-  Goodness  to  excuse  this  Liberty. 

"  I  remain  with  great  respect  &  with  sincere  desires  of  your  best 
Prosperity, 

"  Sir,  Your  most  humble,  &c 

The  following  is  the  reply : 

"  Boston,  April  -lO'"  17 17. 
",Sii!, — I  liavc  the  favour  of  your  Letter  tmd  beg  to  assure  you  I  receive 
your  kind  Admonition  (w"*  great  Candor)  as  I  persuade  myself  you  intended 

'  Ailniiral  Knowlcs  Imd  a  wann  anil  impulsive  tcmjHjranicnt,  wliich  Bometlmcs  led  him 
into  errors  ot'jiulfiincnt  ami  coiuliict.  But  more  than  once  when  ho  did  not  deserve  it,  he  was 
visited  witli  oenHiire  and  even  abuse. 

On  the  2tth  of  Uccemlier,  1747,  Dr.  William  Douglass,  then  a  resident  of  Boston,  pub- 
lished in  the  xvth  Number  of  his  monthly  magazine  (entitled  "A  Summary,  Historical 
and  Political  ")  a  seurrilous  attack  on  the  personal  and  professional  character  of  Admiral 
Knowlcs,  a  copy  of  which  Gov.  Shirley  sent  to  the  admiral,  alter  he  had  sailed  for  Jamaica, 
witlithe  remark  that  the  author  was  beneath  notice. 

For  this  defamation  of  his  character,  the  admiral  brought  an  action  against  Douglass,  in 
the  inferior  court  of  jiidic.ituro  for  the  county  of  Suffolk,  Mass. ;  and  at  the  July  term,  1748, 
the  plaintiff  was  beaten,  the  defendant  ol)tnining  judgment  for  costs.  On  appeal  to  tho 
snpcrior  court,  iitthe  February  term,  1748-9,  tho  admiral  obtained  judgment  for  damages, 
in  the  sum  of  £750  sterling,  and  fur  his  costs.  From  this  judgment  Douglass  appealc<l, 
and,  on  the  8th  of  September  following,  this  judgment  was  reversed.  Thereupon,  tho  admiral 
had  leave  to  carry  an  appeal  to  the  king  in  privy-couneil.  Whether  this  appeal  was  further 
prosecuted,  we  have  no  means  of  ascertaining. 

The  note  containing  this  defaiiiatory  matter  was  suppressed  by  the  author  in  the  second 
edition  of  his  pul)lication. 

Douglass  scorns  to  have  been  a  busy-body  in  collecting  mntcrials  for  Ins  magazine,  but  ho 
was  as'carcless  as  to  i'acts  as  ho  was  uncandid  in  the  expression  of  his  opinions.  It  was  tho 
opinion  of  Adam  Smith  that  Dr.  Douglass,  "in  his  history  of  the  American  colonics,  is  often 
incorrc(^t;  and  it  was  his  foible  to  measure  tho  worth  of  men  by  his  personal  friendship 

A  writer  in  the  Boston  News-Lntter  of  Juno  10,  1748,  says.  Dr.  Douglass  pours  out  his 
calumnies  upon  tho  "objects  of  his  spleen  and  ill-nature,  among  whom  he  deals  his  liites 
like  a  mad  dog,  at  random,  and  with  as  little  re  isou,  breaking  through  all  rnles  of  truth, 
common  sense,  and  common  decency."  Kviilently  he  indulged  his  h;ibitof  invective  until 
lie  ceased  to  appreciate  the  violence  of  his  words.  He  could  liardly  have  written  more  like 
a  savage,  had  he  spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in  writing  upon  Indian  warfare. 


i 


laco  lichvcoii 

llUSCtt(<,    luul 

I'liJUiU'tei'    tif 
irv  Willanl's 


ic  Frec'iloni  to 
)r()pliaiUMl  yi's- 
islic'd  licpiita- 
lyiiifj  Spirit  &, 

wliitli  it'iultr 
lofiil  to  Rliiii- 
I  presuim;  you 
•ilain  has  ox- 
f  it.      Hijcaiiso 

ill  tlii:<  Ca.s<i 
o  (;lios(iii  tills 
0  that  glorious 
ce  it  for  I' very 
•y  Booii  api>oai' 

this  Lihoity. 
of    your   best 


lie,  &c. 


1  .W  17  17. 
you  I  receive 
f  you  inteiuled 

netimcs  led  him 
ilcservc  it,  lie  was 

of  Boston,  piib- 
niary,  Historical 
U'tcr  of  Admiral 
ilcd  for  Jumaic'tv, 

nst  Douglass,  in 
July  term,  1748, 
'n  appeal  to  tlio 
int  lor  damages, 
iiglass  appealed, 
ipon,  the  admiral 
jpcal  was  further 

lor  in  the  second 

magazine,  liut  ho 
ions.  It  wius  the 
1  colonics,  is  often 
rsoual  friendship 

ss  ponrs  out  his 
c  deals  his  bites 
1  rules  of  truth, 
if  invective  until 
vritteu  more  like 
arfarc. 


I 


t 


h* 


10 

it ;  ami  am  truly  Sony  I  slioiilil  traiis;,'r('SH  tlie  j^nat  {'onraiiii>ol  our  M;ikcr, 
as  well  as  the  Laws  of  Hospitality;  permit  uu^  to  assure  you  1  have  us  j;reat 
all  Alihoreiiee  of  the  Crime  as  any  man  liviiiu'  lias,  ;iii<l  tlio'  I  eamiot  eharnu 
my  memory  with  tin'  parlieiilar  Sulijeet  I  miulil  ilo  il  iipnii,  yet  I  am  per- 
suadeil  it  must  have  Slipped  from  me  or  you  eouM  not  iiave  laid  it  l-i  my 
Cliarue.  However  do  uk!  the  .Iiislice,  S',  to  lielieve  that  it  is  mit  a  eummoii 
Practice  with  mi',  and  that  I  stand  convicted,  and  shall  have;  a  more  Waieli- 
fiil  regard  for  the  f"tiire. 

"  I  sincerely  thank  you  for  your  <;ood  Opinion  of  me.  I'lL  kind  Wishes,  and 
lici,'  to  assure  you  I  entertain   the  saiiu;  Seiilimeiil.-^  towards  you,  iV  am  willi 

great  truth, 

"Sir,  ^'oiir  mo^t  Olierj'  limn'.  Ser'. 

'•  C'll.V"    K.SUWM.S. 

**Josi.\ii  Wir.i.Aui),  Ks(|V' 

Adiiiinil  Knowles  iiiaiTied,  Uccomlior  23,  1710,  Mary  Alleyiie, 
fiistor  to  Sir  .luliii-CJay  iVIleyiie,  IJart.,  of  Harliadoes,  wlioso 
other  HJater  miirriod  Mr.  IJoiivorie,  af'torvvard  Harl  of  Kadiior. 
She  died  Marcii  Kt,  1712.  Tlioy  iiad  t>iio.son,  Kdward,  wlio  reached 
tlie  rank  of  captain  in  tlio  royal  navy,  and  was  lo.stin  the  tiloop-ot-war 
Peregrine,  which  foimdoird  on  l\or  return  voyaoc  rnun  North  Ame- 
rica in  1 7().?.  In  1750  he  married  his  second  wile,  Maria-Ma;;(lalciia- 
Teresii  liouji;ct,  of  an  old  Lorraine  family.  Siie  was  a  dainilitcr  of 
Fi'i-dinandComptc  de  Uoiijict,  a  ^feneral  in  the  Austrian  vserviee,  liy  his 
wife  will)  was  a  descendant  luaternidly  from  the  father  of  the  celeln-a- 
ted  (!lievalicr  de  IJayard's  fatlier.  Uy  this  mania-,'!'  he  had  three 
children:  Charles  Henry  ;  and  (wo  daiiiihters,  one  of  whom  in  17.S1 
married  John  Winder,  Es(|.,  of  Vaynor  I'ark,  Montifomeryshire. 
This  house  and  jmrk  once  l)elon<j;ed  to  the  unfortunate  Earl  of  Essex, 
-A  grandson  of  Sir  Francis  Knollys,'  K.  (t. 

Charles-IIenry  Knowles  succeeded  hisfatlier  in  tlic  haroiietcy,  De- 
ccinl)erl),  1777;  attained  the  rank  of  jiost-captain,  Keliruary  2,  !7.'-iO; 
rear-admiral,  February  14,  17'.ll);  vice-admiral,  April  22,  1N()|; 
admiral,. Tuly.'JO,  IMO;  and  was  created  (J.  C.  15.,  May  20,  1S20. 
In  1S2;5,  he  was  admiral  of  the  red;  and  resiih'd  at  Love!  llill,  near 
Windsor,  CO.  IJerks,  Eniiland.'  He  died  in  >.'ovcml)er  Is,)],  and, 
prohalily,  was  buried  in  the  eluu'<'ii  of  St.  Nicholas  in  (iiiildford, 
Surrey,  near  his  father's  i-emains.  In  the  norlii  jiailery  of  that  church, 
says  the  historian  of  Surrey,  is  a  small,  neat  mural  moimnient  hy 
IJelmes,  of  white  marble,  tlisplaying  a  sareophayus  and  funeral  pall, 
with  the  followiiifi:  inscription  : 

"In  memory  of  Sir  Clins. -Henry  Knowles,  Admiral  of  tlie  l\ed, 
Bart.  G.  C.  li.  Born  in  Kin<,'stou,  Jamaica,  on  the  I.")tli  of  Aiiifiist, 
1754  ;  at  which  time  his  fatlier,  Sir  Clias.  Knowles,  Uart.  was  <fov- 
criior  of  that  Island.  Died  in  London,  on  the  2<Stli  of  November, 
1831.  This  brave  officer  fought  and  bled  in  defence  of  his  coiiiitry 
ia     several     parts    of    the     (ilobe;    Keceived    the    'I'liaiiks    nf  the 

'  Hrtliiun.  ill.  .'U3-1 ;  Naval  Chionicle,  i.  8!);  Burke's  reirigo  and  iiaroiictayc. 
-  Miirshall's  Naval  Biography. 


(  -■**.-.->..  j,  ..^tiiHHit 


:# 


20 

Lc;.n.^liiliirc  for  liid   Sorvii-cs    and    from   liin   Sovereign   IIoiK.rary 
«li>liiifliitii,i." 

[IIUADUOCK    TO    Simtl.KV.] 
"  fiistrvrttons  fa  Coluiicl  WlUium  Sfiirlei/. 
'•  Yuii  atr  to  tiikc  upon  y<>ii  Hm;  conimiinil  of  your  own  and  Sir  'William 
I'cppcrn'irs  IJcuitni'nt  and"  to  pnic.ril  willi  all  convcnitjiit  Kxpidition  to  at- 
tempt the  Kednrtion  of  tlm  Krcncli  KorU  at  the  Stri^i;.dit  of  Nia;?ani. 

"  You  arc  to  leave  in  the  Fort  at  (),s\vei,'o.  iIk'  (larrison  already  ordered 
thither,  I'ousistin-,'  of  two  C'onipanieH  of  Sir  William  Tepperrell's  UeMiment, 
and  the  two  Independent  Companies  of  New-Vork,  with  such  tiirthor 
Augmentation  as  you  shall  judjic  necessary  for  its  Dcfenei!  and  il  it  shall 
find  it  absolutely  necessary  "for  ids  Majesty's  Service  to  lesson  that  (iarrisoii 
by  eallin"  some'of  these  Troops  to  your  assistance,  You  are  to  do  it. 

"You 'are  with  all  imaj^inable  Dispatch  to  put  the  Fort  at  ()swe-,'o  mto 
Kuch  a  State  of  Defence  and  to  enable  the  Garrison  to  make  a  propter  Ue- 
sistanee  in  Case  of  bi'ing  attaek'd, 

"  You  are  to  make  application  to  Gov".  Delancey  for  the  ISIoney  wanted 
for  siu-h  Purpose  out  of  those  appropriated  by  the  Governnu^nt  of  New 
York  lor  the  Defence  of  their  Frontiers;  Hut  in  Case  you  should  lind  any 
Delays  which  mav  be  prejudicial  to  the  intended  Expedition,  You  are  then 
to  draw  for  sudi  Sums  upon  his  Majesty's  Treasury,  which  shall  be  ndorm' . 
of  th(>  necessity  of  honouring  your  Draughts. 

"You  shall  liiid  out  some  proper  IVrson  to  act  as  En-,'ineer  to  whom  you  shall 
niakeaii  allowance  often  Shillings  p'  Day  Ster'.  and  charge  to  your  contingent 
Account  such  Fxpences  as  shall  arise  from  the  I'ayment  of  (iunncrs.  INIatros- 
ses  and  all  others  employed  about  the  Train  taking  Care  at  the  saine  1  line  to 
lessen  the  Expence  tljat  as  many  of  them  as  may  be  are  udisted  Soldiers. 

"  111  Case  you  should  succeed  in  your  attack  upon  the  Forts  at  the 
Strei'dits  of  Nia"ara,  You  are  immediately  to  put  it  in  good  Kepair  and 
to  make  such  Additions  as  to  render  it  defensible  against  any  Attemj.ts. 

"You  are  to  detach  emplov  or  leave  such  Garrisons  of  the  Iroops  under 
your  Command  as  shall  be  jmlgd  by  you  most  projjcr  for  his  INIajesty's  Service. 
"You  an;  to  take  all  Opportunities  and  use  your  utmost  Eii(U'avours  to  in- 
form me  from  Time  to  time  of  vour  Scituation  and  all  remarkable  Ocurrciices 
that  in  Case  the  French  slioidd  have  thrown  such  Ucinforcem".  into  their 
Forts  at  Nia-nira  as  to  frustrate  your  Attempts  that  I  may  by  these  Intercour- 
ses settle  a  Jiniction  with  you  as  soon  as  the  affairs  of  tlu-  Ohio  are  detiTineii' . 
"  You  are  impower".  to  draw  upon  his  Majesty's  Treasury  for  all  siicli 
Monies  as  shall  be  wanting  to  carry  on  the  Service  having  Regard  at  the 
same  Time  to  all  proper  Oeconomy.  .      ,   ,      -.i 

"  And  if  anything  to  the  forwarding  the  Charge  you  are  entrusted  witli 
shou''  not  be  mentioned  in  these  Instructions  you  are  to  use  your  best  judg- 

ment  therein.  ^,,  ^     ,     .,  ,..ih  i--- .. 

"  Cmnp  at  AJexaudria  [  \  a.],  April  1 0'"  1  /  o,). 

The  forc"-oing  letter  of  General  Braddock,  \vrittcn  three  months 
before  his  'clcfeat  and  death,'  refers  to  the  military  movements  un- 

'  (iovonior  Sliirlcy's  sou  Willkmi,  uiiliUiry  secretary  to  Qcu.  Bruddoek  in  this  cxiiudition , 
was  iilffu  liilkd. 


n   llontirary 


Sir  >Villiiun 

X'llitioll   to   ilt- 

•t'lidy  (inlci'cd 
ll's  l!(';;iiiiciit, 

siicli  t'lirtlior 
11(1  il'  it  shiill 
tiiiil  (liinison 

«lo  it. 

().s\vcj,'()  into 
a  proper  Uu- 

lonoy  waiitt'd 
mciit  of  New 
Diiid  iiiid  any 
You  arc  tluui 
til  1)0  inronii''. 

lioin  you  sliall 
ourcoiilin^oiit 
lucrs,  IMatros- 
I  saiuo  'I'imo  to 
■.vd  Soldiers. 
Forts  at  the 
d  Kopair  and 
Attempts. 
Troops  under 
jesty's  Service, 
leavours  to  in- 
ile  OcurreneoH 
u".  into  tlieir 
lose  Intereour- 
are  dt.'ti'rnien''. 
y  for  ;dl  sneli 
Uegard  at  the 

sntrusted  with 
,'oiir  best  judg- 
Ukaddock. 


three  months 
)vciucnt8  un- 

n  tliib  cxiicUition , 


I 


SI 

ilertakcn  by  the  BritJHh  provornmcnt  in  the  year  ITrif)  nsitiiiHt  the 
Frcncli  oiit-|»()strt  in  Nortli  Anieriea.  Maj()r-f,'ciienil  Kdwanl  llnwl- 
«h»ck  wart  appointed  to  c«)nnnand,  and  l)ron;,dit  over  a  conHitk-rahlc 
l)ody  of  re^'ular  trooprt.  The  plan  of  operationH  tlccided  upon  hy 
him  in  consultation  witlj  the  provincial  <;overnor»'  conteuiplate<l  three 
expeditions.  The  finxt,  a-,'ainrtt  Fort  Du  (iucHue,  l)y  Hiaddoek  and 
hirt  rejrulars) ;  the  wccond,  a^'ainnt  Crown  I'oint,  l)y  provincial  trixtpa 
and  Indiann;  and  the  third,  a^^ainnt  Niaj^ara,  hy  American  re<,'ularH, 
conrtiatin^'  of  Pepperrell's  and  Shirley's  re;;in>ent8,  and  a  l)ody  t»f  In- 
diaiirt.  TIjc  first  and  third  of  these  expeditions  were  failures  ;  the 
second  was  attemh-d  with  success  ;  hut  witii  that  exception,  the  mili- 
tary operations  of  this  year  reflected  little  credit  upon  the  \vis(h)ni  of 
the  administration  at  home,  or  upon  the  men  chosen  to  conduct  them 
in  the  field. 

The  student  of  this  period  of  American  history  is  familiar  with 
the  stories  of  jealousy  of  provincial  otlicers  and  of  contempt  for 
provincial  troops,  often  injudiciously  manifested  hy  Ih-itish  (jtKeers. 
The  jealousy  and  plotting,'  unfriendliness  of  ( Jovcrnor^  ,^!''''!''>'.  ^"*' 
ward  Sir  William  I'eiiperrell  aree(|ually  familiar  facts.  This  feelinj,', 
to  which  Pepjierrell  was  always  and  everywhere  superior,  also  showed 
itself  in  the  campaij^'n  of  1755.'  Pepperrell,  however,  had  already 
proved  his  capacity  for  military  service,  and  could  point  to  assured 
results.  Shirley,  on  the  cvmtrary,  had  neither  military  capacity  nor 
cxiierience  ;  audit  is  fairly  presumable  that,  had  Peiipcrrcll  conducted 
the  expedition  to  Niaf,'ara,  the  issue  wouhl  have  heen  satisfactory. 
The  selection  of  Shirley  is  incxplicahle  save  on  political  <,n-oiinds ; 
for  the  evidence  is  conclusive  that,  at  the  war-ofHce  in  London,  his 
military  abilities  were  hehl  in  light  esteem. 

The  fimr  "Pepperrell  Papers  "  in  this  article  were  pro1)al)ly  select- 
ed indiscriminately  from  the  mass  of  Sir  William's  public  corres- 
pondence, and  preserved  by  their  late  owner  for  no  other  reason, 
apparently,  than  that  they  at  one  time  belonged  to  a  man  who  filled 
a  large  space  in  the  affairs  of  North  America  a  century  and  a  (piartcr 
ago."  It  so  hai»pens,  however,  that  they  are  the  only  four  Pepper- 
rell Papers  now  known  to  be  extant,  which,  taken  collectively, 
group  the  names  of  so  many  eminent  men  of  his  time. 

These  venerable  relics  bring  before  the  mind's  eye  a  long  proces- 
sion of  men  and  events.  Some  of  these  events  and  a  i\)\v  of  the.-e 
men  have  already  received  their  proper  place  in  history  ;  but  their 
names  and  deeds  are  ovcrshachjwed  by  the  more  recent  and,  to  us, 
more  important  epoch  of    the  American   llevolution.      Ui»on  the 

'  The  convention  wfts  hcUl  at  Alexandriii,  Vii.,  April  U ;  and  was  ntti-ndod  l.y  Kdward 
Braddoi'It.  coiicral  and  commandcr-in-cldef  of  His  Majesty's  forces  in  Noitli  Aiulmu;:!; 
William Slnrloy, f,'ovcrnor of  Massadiusetts ;  Rol)crt  Dinwiddie, liciit.-^ovcnior of  V iifjinia ; 
James  De  Lanecy,  lieut.-fjoVLTnor  of  Ncw-Yorii ;  Horatio  Sliarpe,  iiouL-govurnur  ul  Mary- 
land; and  KolK'rt  Hunter  Morris,  lieiit.-novernor  of  I'l^nnsyivauia. 

2  Tursous's  Life  of  Peiipcrrcli ;  llutcliinsoii's  History,  iii. 


J 


22 


f 


iri!4tnry  of  tliat  oikh-Ii  iind  of  tlio  colonial  porioti,  our  1l!^<lo^iatlH 
Hcotii  to  have  iiiuiiily  coiu'ciitratt'il  llicir  Ht(i)|i«>H  ;  wltilc  tlic  |iro\in- 
cial  period  yd  wuitn  for  tliul  dctailt'd  and  anipK;  di.xcouivt;  it 
dttnandH, 

Tlic  vcarH  which  nrc  covcri'd  liy  thcno  papcrn,  wcro  crowch-d  l»y 
inti'i'cHtin^  and  important  cvi'ntn,  in  \vhi(!h  ^rcat  men,  a.-*  I'^tiniatrd 
by  their  contcniporariofl,  took  the;  h>ad. 

Such  were  Home  of  tlie  men  wlio  were  either  pernonally  enj^a^ed 
in  or  remotely  connected  with  the  capture  of  Louishurj;, — the 
tirMt  Htcp  toward  the  overtlu'ow  of  French  pow«'r  in  America. 
Many  of  them  came  to;;ether  (m  American  noil,  hut  after  a  nhort 
time  they  separated,  and  were  never  a^^ain  imited  in  any  mili- 
tary enterprise.  It  in  noteworthy  that  not  many  years  after 
their  reparation  the  lnr;;cr  nuniher  were  ih-ad,  and  that  few  if 
any  of  tliein  are  now  represented  hy  (K'Hceruhints  hearinj^  their 
namcH. 

I'eppcrrell  died  in  Kittery,  Maine,  tluly  it,  17'>J);  Waldo,  on 
the  I'enolwcot,  May  2>\,  17."»!* ;  Shirley,  in  Koxhury,  MaHsachusctts, 
March  21,  1771;  Warren,  in  Irelanil,  July  21t,  17.')2;  Kilhy,  in 
the  parish  of  Dorkin;;,  eo.  Surrey,  Kn;;.,  in  Octohcr,  1771  ; 
Knowlcs,  in  Lond«m,  Novemher  .'{(>,  1777;  Thomas  I'elham  Holies, 
Duke  of  Newcastle,  Noveniher  17,  17(5Mj  Ahercromhie,  at  (Jliw- 
sauffh,  Ilanfishirc,  Scotlaml,  April  23,  17)S1  ;  General  St.  C'lair,  in 
Scotland,  near  the  close  of  17(12. 

The  names  of  several  of  these  men  arc  perpetinitcd  in  tlie  names 
of  towns  in  the  Tnited  States.  That  of  Kilhy  is  happily  still  lutrne 
l»y  a  street  in  Iloston.  ('ohmel  John  Tufton  Mason,  the  heir-at-law 
of  the  vast  estates  in  Xew-IIampshire  that  at  one  time  ri^ditfully 
l)clon;fed  to  his  ancestor,  ("aptain  John  Mason,  was  an  oHicer  in 
IVpperrcH's  royal  Anierican  reginient,  and  participated  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Li)uishur<i^  and  in  other  American  ex|)editions.  In  honor 
of  tliis  ofli<'er,  a  street  in  Portsmouth,  New-IIampshire,  his  place  of 
residence,  was  called  Mason.  The  street  now  bears  another  name. 
A  memorial  of  his  valor,  consecrated  to  sacred  uses,  is  still  preserved 
in  St.  .lohn's  Church,  Portsmouth.  It  is  a  font,'  which  was  taken 
at  the  capture  of  Senc<j;al  from  the  French,  in  ]7.').S,  hy  a  British 
force  commanded  hy  Col.  Mason,  and  presented  in  17(11  to  the 
church  hy  his  daujjhters.  On  the  top  is  u  hrazcn  cover  placed 
there  hy  Wyseman  Cla^ett,*  afterward  the  kinjf's  attor!iey-p;eiu'ral 
for    New-IIampshirc,    and    Samuel    Livermore,    who   subsequently 

'  Brewster  tlms  (Icscritios  tliisfont:  "  It  i.s  of  porplivritic  marble  of  «  l)rownish  yellow 
color,  vciiu'd,  ami  iindonlitetllv  Afrlcnn.  The  liel({lit  ("rom  tlio  groiiml  is  three  feet  three 
Inches,  the  luise  lieinj;  twenty  imlies  in  iensth,  eleven  in  width,  and  live  in  thickness  The 
pedestal  with  mouldings,  wli'leh  support  the  bowl,  is  twenty-three  inches  hinli,  the  whole  is 
an  oval ;  the  liowl  sufticieiitly  large  for  the  immersion  of  an  Infjint,  being  thirty-eight  and 
n  half  inches  in  length,  thirty  inches  in  breadth,  and  abont  twelve  inches  deep.  Over  the 
top  is  a  Hat  lira/.en  cover,  which  opens  IVoin  either  end  to  the  centre."— Ua»iblea  <U>ont 
J'orlnmoiilh,  1st  Scries. 

■■'  Coll.  of  Ncw-IIiimpsliirc  His.  Sw.  iii.  (Art.  Clagclt).  Tlic  version  of  this  inscription 
there  ^'lvcn  bv  Mr.  Atherton  dill'cnJ  from  Adams's  version  (Annals  of  I'ortsnioutli). 
Neither  H  correct. 


ir  )iif«toriiiiiH 
'  llic  pruviii- 
(lif^'tmrHi!    it 

crowdtMl  Ity 
art  vMtiiiiiiti'*! 

illy  cui^aj^iMl 
isliiir}^, — tilt! 
I)  America, 
utter  ti  t«li(>rt 
II  any  iiiili- 
ycaiH  nlh'i' 
that  ti'W  if 
loariuj;   tlirir 

Waldo,  on 
aHMacliiiHcttri, 
i ;  KilKy,  in 
i»l)('r,  1771; 
lliani  lIolluH, 
)ii!,  at  ( Jlan- 
St.  C'liiir,  in 

n  the  nainoR 
ily  utill  borne 
ic  lu'ir-at-law 
inc  ri^ditt'ully 
an  otticcr  in 

in  tlu'  cap- 
i.  In  honor 
,  hi.s  place  of 
nothcr  name, 
(till  presjerved 
!'li  wa.s  taken 
,  hy  a  l?rilit<li 

17(!l  to  the 

cover    placed 

;)rney-^eneral 

Bub8e(|uently 

l>rowni8l»  yellow 
s  tlirue  t'et't  tlirco 
n  lliirkiicss  The 
liiKlii  thu  whole  is 
;  tliirty-i'lRlit  iind 
i  (It'i'p.  Over  tho 
' — llamblcs  about 

)(■  tills  iiiscriiitioii 
ul'   I'oittimoutli). 


98 

held  that  ofllce,  and  tho  rh"of inMiecMliip  of  the  ntate,  Thie» 
cover  heiirrt  the  lulkmini,'  iuMii^.i«"i»j  conumwed  hy  Wyaemaa 
( 'la;,'ett : 

SARA,  CATnKKfNA,  ct  ANNA,    KLIZAllKTHA, 

,Ioliannit<  'I'ufton  Mat*on  (  "hortia  Structoris 
Filifu  ornati«ainiiv  Hoc  IJaptiHtorinni  ex  (Jullicis  Munuhiia 
apiid  Sinc;,'allian»,  «ul>  AnHpiciirt  prinlicti  .ruhanniri  ac(pii»ituin, 
Kclettiiu  An;,dicanie  iipnd  l*ort-«inoiith  in  I'rovinciu  vnlj,'o  vo 
-cuta  New  Ilainpfhire  liheraliter  contnlernnt  Anno  Domini 
1701,  ct  vicc««inio  eexto  l*raMlieationi«  AIvTIIl'lil  lUlOWNK  : 

Wi-^eman  Clagett  et  Samuel  Livermore  KcIci^iiO 
IVocnratoribuet. 


-^ft  jiWS"-  iT-- 


,*•« 


>w>' 


'■■^^^{ftiari8!gada-.-&.r,«.-  l.-!;iWttfett8i^-a-<a«»' ■!■-!"'.   V  --!),Ult.'.".ra^^i.8^'t-JU'.^a^?--)tr-.,^  .v^..^  .  >n.-,-^-? 


